# XCHAIN

Markdown version of https://ethbeat.org/layer2s/projects/xchain

## Summary

**Warning:** This project is archived and no longer maintained.

**Warning:** Critical contracts can be upgraded by an EOA which could result in the loss of all funds.

**Warning:** Why is the project listed in others? There are less than 5 external actors that can submit challenges. Consequence: projects without a sufficiently decentralized set of challengers rely on few entities to safely update the state. A small set of challengers can collude with the proposer to finalize an invalid state, which can cause loss of funds. There are less than 5 external actors that can attest data availability. Consequence: projects without a sufficiently decentralized data availability committee rely on few entities to safely attest data availability on Ethereum. A small set of entities can collude with the proposer to finalize an unavailable state, which can cause loss of funds. Learn more about the [recategorisation](https://medium.com/l2beat/framework-update-l2-projects-recategorisation-5d43b0d1fe50).

- Total Value Secured: $4.50 K (+2.95% compared to seven days ago; canonically bridged $4.50 K, natively minted $0.00, externally bridged $0.00; 0.00% with additional trust assumptions compared to the tokens involved and the Stage assigned to the project's canonical messaging bridge)
- TVS by asset: ETH & derivatives $4.50 K (100%)
- Past day UOPS: No data
- Gas token: ETH
- Type: Other
- Purpose: Universal
- Host chain: Ethereum
- Chain ID: 94524

### Risks

- Sequencer failure: Self sequence (1d delay; sentiment: good)
- State validation: Fraud proofs (INT) (5d 14h challenge period; sentiment: bad)
- Data availability: External (DAC) (sentiment: bad)
- Exit window: None (sentiment: bad)
- Proposer failure: Self propose (11d 23h delay; sentiment: good)

### About

XCHAIN is an Optimium based on the Arbitrum Orbit stack. It is built to support IDEX - a high-performance perpetual swaps exchange. It allows for gas free and nearly instant settlement of all IDEX transactions.

### Links

- Website: https://idex.io/
- Bridge: https://exchange.idex.io/
- Docs: https://docs.idex.io/
- Explorer: https://xchain-explorer.idex.io/
- Social: https://x.com/idexio, https://discord.com/invite/idex, https://t.me/IDEXChat
- Contracts explorer (Disco): https://disco.ethbeat.org/ui/p/xchain

### Badges

- EVM: This project uses the Ethereum Virtual Machine to run its smart contracts and supports the Solidity programming language
- Data Availability Committee: There is a Data Availability Committee that provides/attests to data availability
- Built on Arbitrum Orbit: The project is built on Arbitrum Orbit
- Conduit: This project was deployed via the rollup-as-a-service provider Conduit

## Value Secured

The interactive TVS charts are shown on [the HTML page](https://ethbeat.org/layer2s/projects/xchain#tvs).

Token by token: [TVS breakdown](https://ethbeat.org/layer2s/projects/xchain/tvs-breakdown).

- [TVS chart (JSON)](https://ethbeat.org/api/scaling/tvs/xchain?range=max)
- [TVS breakdown by token (JSON)](https://ethbeat.org/api/scaling/tvs/xchain/breakdown)

## Activity

The interactive activity chart is shown on [the HTML page](https://ethbeat.org/layer2s/projects/xchain#activity).

- [Activity chart (JSON)](https://ethbeat.org/api/scaling/activity/xchain?range=max)

## Onchain costs

The section shows the operating costs that L2s pay to Ethereum.

The interactive costs chart is shown on [the HTML page](https://ethbeat.org/layer2s/projects/xchain#onchain-costs).

### Tracked transactions

#### Batch submissions

- functionCall: 2024-05-23 20:01 UTC - now; currently used; address: [0x47861E0419BE83d0175818a09221B6DF2EFD7793](https://etherscan.io/address/0x47861E0419BE83d0175818a09221B6DF2EFD7793); selector: 0xe0bc9729; signature: `function addSequencerL2Batch(uint256 sequenceNumber,bytes calldata data,uint256 afterDelayedMessagesRead,address gasRefunder,uint256 prevMessageCount,uint256 newMessageCount)`
- functionCall: 2024-05-23 20:01 UTC - now; currently used; address: [0x47861E0419BE83d0175818a09221B6DF2EFD7793](https://etherscan.io/address/0x47861E0419BE83d0175818a09221B6DF2EFD7793); selector: 0x8f111f3c; signature: `function addSequencerL2BatchFromOrigin(uint256 sequenceNumber,bytes data,uint256 afterDelayedMessagesRead,address gasRefunder,uint256 prevMessageCount,uint256 newMessageCount)`
- functionCall: 2024-05-23 20:01 UTC - now; currently used; address: [0x47861E0419BE83d0175818a09221B6DF2EFD7793](https://etherscan.io/address/0x47861E0419BE83d0175818a09221B6DF2EFD7793); selector: 0x69cacded; signature: `function addSequencerL2BatchFromOriginDelayProof(uint256 sequenceNumber, bytes data, uint256 afterDelayedMessagesRead, address gasRefunder, uint256 prevMessageCount, uint256 newMessageCount, tuple(bytes32 beforeDelayedAcc, tuple(uint8 kind, address sender, uint64 blockNumber, uint64 timestamp, uint256 inboxSeqNum, uint256 baseFeeL1, bytes32 messageDataHash) delayedMessage) delayProof)`
- functionCall: 2024-05-23 20:01 UTC - now; currently used; address: [0x47861E0419BE83d0175818a09221B6DF2EFD7793](https://etherscan.io/address/0x47861E0419BE83d0175818a09221B6DF2EFD7793); selector: 0x3e5aa082; signature: `function addSequencerL2BatchFromBlobs(uint256 sequenceNumber, uint256 afterDelayedMessagesRead, address gasRefunder, uint256 prevMessageCount, uint256 newMessageCount)`
- functionCall: 2024-05-23 20:01 UTC - now; currently used; address: [0x47861E0419BE83d0175818a09221B6DF2EFD7793](https://etherscan.io/address/0x47861E0419BE83d0175818a09221B6DF2EFD7793); selector: 0x917cf8ac; signature: `function addSequencerL2BatchFromBlobsDelayProof(uint256 sequenceNumber, uint256 afterDelayedMessagesRead, address gasRefunder, uint256 prevMessageCount, uint256 newMessageCount, tuple(bytes32 beforeDelayedAcc, tuple(uint8 kind, address sender, uint64 blockNumber, uint64 timestamp, uint256 inboxSeqNum, uint256 baseFeeL1, bytes32 messageDataHash) delayedMessage) delayProof)`

#### State updates

- functionCall: 2024-05-23 20:01 UTC - now; currently used; address: [0x0b8071337dcB089478Ea740efC10904d9F359141](https://etherscan.io/address/0x0b8071337dcB089478Ea740efC10904d9F359141); selector: 0xa04cee60; signature: `function updateSendRoot(bytes32 root, bytes32 l2BlockHash) external`

## Liveness

This section shows how "live" the project's operators are by displaying how frequently they submit transactions of the selected type. It also highlights anomalies - significant deviations from their typical schedule.

The interactive liveness chart is shown on [the HTML page](https://ethbeat.org/layer2s/projects/xchain#liveness).

### Tracked transactions

#### Batch submissions

- functionCall: 2024-05-23 20:01 UTC - now; currently used; address: [0x47861E0419BE83d0175818a09221B6DF2EFD7793](https://etherscan.io/address/0x47861E0419BE83d0175818a09221B6DF2EFD7793); selector: 0xe0bc9729; signature: `function addSequencerL2Batch(uint256 sequenceNumber,bytes calldata data,uint256 afterDelayedMessagesRead,address gasRefunder,uint256 prevMessageCount,uint256 newMessageCount)`
- functionCall: 2024-05-23 20:01 UTC - now; currently used; address: [0x47861E0419BE83d0175818a09221B6DF2EFD7793](https://etherscan.io/address/0x47861E0419BE83d0175818a09221B6DF2EFD7793); selector: 0x8f111f3c; signature: `function addSequencerL2BatchFromOrigin(uint256 sequenceNumber,bytes data,uint256 afterDelayedMessagesRead,address gasRefunder,uint256 prevMessageCount,uint256 newMessageCount)`
- functionCall: 2024-05-23 20:01 UTC - now; currently used; address: [0x47861E0419BE83d0175818a09221B6DF2EFD7793](https://etherscan.io/address/0x47861E0419BE83d0175818a09221B6DF2EFD7793); selector: 0x69cacded; signature: `function addSequencerL2BatchFromOriginDelayProof(uint256 sequenceNumber, bytes data, uint256 afterDelayedMessagesRead, address gasRefunder, uint256 prevMessageCount, uint256 newMessageCount, tuple(bytes32 beforeDelayedAcc, tuple(uint8 kind, address sender, uint64 blockNumber, uint64 timestamp, uint256 inboxSeqNum, uint256 baseFeeL1, bytes32 messageDataHash) delayedMessage) delayProof)`
- functionCall: 2024-05-23 20:01 UTC - now; currently used; address: [0x47861E0419BE83d0175818a09221B6DF2EFD7793](https://etherscan.io/address/0x47861E0419BE83d0175818a09221B6DF2EFD7793); selector: 0x3e5aa082; signature: `function addSequencerL2BatchFromBlobs(uint256 sequenceNumber, uint256 afterDelayedMessagesRead, address gasRefunder, uint256 prevMessageCount, uint256 newMessageCount)`
- functionCall: 2024-05-23 20:01 UTC - now; currently used; address: [0x47861E0419BE83d0175818a09221B6DF2EFD7793](https://etherscan.io/address/0x47861E0419BE83d0175818a09221B6DF2EFD7793); selector: 0x917cf8ac; signature: `function addSequencerL2BatchFromBlobsDelayProof(uint256 sequenceNumber, uint256 afterDelayedMessagesRead, address gasRefunder, uint256 prevMessageCount, uint256 newMessageCount, tuple(bytes32 beforeDelayedAcc, tuple(uint8 kind, address sender, uint64 blockNumber, uint64 timestamp, uint256 inboxSeqNum, uint256 baseFeeL1, bytes32 messageDataHash) delayedMessage) delayProof)`

#### State updates

- functionCall: 2024-05-23 20:01 UTC - now; currently used; address: [0x0b8071337dcB089478Ea740efC10904d9F359141](https://etherscan.io/address/0x0b8071337dcB089478Ea740efC10904d9F359141); selector: 0xa04cee60; signature: `function updateSendRoot(bytes32 root, bytes32 l2BlockHash) external`

## Milestones & Incidents

- 2024-09-02: [Mainnet Launch](https://blog.idex.io/p/idex-mainnet-is-live). XCHAIN launches together with a new version of IDEX.

## Risk summary

**Warning:** Fraud proof system is fully deployed but is not yet permissionless as it requires Validators to be whitelisted.

### Funds can be stolen if

1. a contract receives a malicious code upgrade. There is no delay on code upgrades (CRITICAL),
2. none of the whitelisted verifiers checks the published state. Fraud proofs assume at least one honest and able validator (CRITICAL),
3. validators with the 'fast-confirmer' permission finalize a malicious state root before the challenge period has passed (CRITICAL).

### Funds can be lost if

4. the external data becomes unavailable (CRITICAL).

### Users can be censored if

5. the committee restricts their access to the external data.

### MEV can be extracted if

6. the operator exploits their centralized position and frontruns user transactions.

## Risk analysis

**Warning:** Critical contracts can be upgraded by an EOA which could result in the loss of all funds.

**Warning:** Fraud proof system is fully deployed but is not yet permissionless as it requires Validators to be whitelisted.

### Sequencer failure

Self sequence (1d delay; sentiment: good)

In the event of a sequencer failure, users can force transactions to be included in the project's chain by sending them to L1. There can be up to a 1d delay on this operation.

### State validation

Fraud proofs (INT) (5d 14h challenge period; sentiment: bad)

Fraud proofs allow 10 WHITELISTED actors watching the chain to prove that the state is incorrect. There are fewer than 5 Challengers external to the Operator among these. Interactive proofs (INT) require multiple transactions over time to resolve. There is a 5d 14h challenge period.

### Data availability

External (DAC) (sentiment: bad)

Proof construction relies fully on data that is NOT published onchain. There exists a Data Availability Committee (DAC) with a threshold of 1/1 that is tasked with protecting and supplying the data.

### Exit window

None (sentiment: bad)

There is no window for users to exit in case of an unwanted upgrade since contracts are instantly upgradable.

### Proposer failure

Self propose (11d 23h delay; sentiment: good)

Anyone can become a Proposer after 11d 23h of inactivity from the currently whitelisted Proposers.

## Stage

XCHAIN is not even a Stage 0 project.

**The project does not pass the walkaway test**: users are not able to exit in the presence of malicious operators if the Security Council disappears.

**Warning:** The requirement for available node software is under review.

### Stage 0

1 issue needs fixing.

- Met: The project self-identifies as a Validium or Optimium.
- Met: State roots are posted to Ethereum L1.
- Met: A complete and functional proof system (fraud or validity proofs) is deployed.
- Under review: A source-available node exists that can reconstruct the L2 state when DA is accessible. Please note that the ETHBEAT team has not verified the validity of the node source code.
- Issue: Fraud proof submission is not sufficiently decentralized.

### Stage 1

3 issues need fixing.

**Principle**

- Issue: Compromising ≥75% of the Security Council to push a malicious upgrade, or sequencer+DA-committee collusion to withhold data and finalize invalid state roots, should be the only ways (other than bugs) to steal funds or block withdrawals indefinitely.

**Guidelines**

- Met: Users are able to exit without the help of the permissioned operators, provided DA is accessible.
- Met: The sources of all programs used are public and program hashes can be independently regenerated.
- Issue: Upgrades executed by actors with more centralized control than a Security Council provide less than 7d for users to exit if the permissioned operator is down or censoring.
- Issue: The Security Council is not properly set up.

[Learn more about Stages](https://ethbeat.org/stages).

Please keep in mind that these stages do not reflect project security, this is an opinionated assessment of project maturity based on subjective criteria, created with a goal of incentivizing projects to push toward better decentralization. Each team may have taken different paths to achieve this goal.

## Data availability

Set of parties responsible for signing and attesting to the availability of data.

### Risk analysis

#### Economic security

None (sentiment: bad)

There are no onchain assets at risk of being slashed in case of a data withholding attack, and the committee members are not publicly known.

#### Fraud detection

None (sentiment: bad)

There is no fraud detection mechanism in place. A data withholding attack can only be detected by nodes downloading the full data from the DA layer.

#### Committee security

1/1 (sentiment: bad)

The committee does not meet basic security standards, either due to insufficient size, lack of member diversity, or poorly defined threshold parameters. The system lacks an effective DA bridge and it is reliant on the assumption of an honest sequencer, creating significant risks to data integrity and availability.

#### Upgradeability

No delay (sentiment: bad)

There is no delay in the upgradeability of the bridge. Users have no time to exit the system before the bridge implementation update is completed.

#### Relayer failure

No mechanism (sentiment: bad)

The relayer role is permissioned, and the DA bridge does not have a Security Council or a governance mechanism to propose new relayers. In case of relayer failure, the DA bridge will halt and be unable to recover without the intervention of a centralized entity.

### Technology

#### Architecture
![Anytrust architecture](https://ethbeat.org/images/da-layer-technology/anytrust/architecture1.png#center)

The DAC uses a data availability solution built on the AnyTrust protocol. It is composed of the following components:
- **Sequencer Inbox**: Main entry point for the Sequencer submitting transaction batches.
- **Data Availability Committee (DAC)**: A group of members responsible for storing and providing data on demand.
- **Data Availability Certificate (DACert)**: A commitment ensuring that data blobs are available without needing full data posting on the L1 chain.

Committee members run servers that support APIs for storing and retrieving data blobs.
The Sequencer API allows the rollup Sequencer to submit data blobs for storage, while the REST API enables anyone to fetch data by hash.
When the Sequencer produces a data batch, it sends the batch along with an expiration time to Committee members, who store it and sign it.
Once enough signatures are collected, the Sequencer aggregates them into a valid DACert and posts it to the L1 chain inbox.
If the Sequencer fails to collect enough signatures, it falls back to posting the full data to the L1 chain as calldata.

A DACert includes a hash of the data block, an expiration time, and proof that the required threshold of Committee members have signed off on the data.
The proof consists of a hash of the Keyset used in signing, a bitmap indicating which members signed, and a BLS aggregated signature.
L2 nodes reading from the sequencer inbox verify the certificate’s validity by checking the number of signers, the aggregated signature, and that the expiration time is at least two weeks ahead of the L2 timestamp.
If the DACert is valid, it provides a proof that the corresponding data is available from honest committee members.

#### DA Bridge Architecture
![Anytrust bridge architecture](https://ethbeat.org/images/da-bridge-technology/anytrust/architectureL2.png#center)

The DA commitments are posted to the destination chain through the sequencer inbox, using the inbox as a DA bridge.
The DA commitment consists of Data Availability Certificate (DACert), including a hash of the data block, an expiration time, and a proof that the required threshold of Committee members have signed off on the data.
The sequencer distributes the data and collects signatures from Committee members offchain. Only the DACert is posted by the sequencer to the destination chain inbox (the DA bridge), achieving destination chain transaction ordering finality in a single onchain transaction.

**Risks**

- Funds can be lost if a malicious committee attests to an invalid data availability certificate.
- Funds can be lost if the bridge contract or its dependencies receive a malicious code upgrade. There is no delay on code upgrades.

**References**

- [Inside AnyTrust - Arbitrum Docs](https://docs.arbitrum.io/how-arbitrum-works/inside-anytrust)

## State validation

![A diagram of the state validation](https://ethbeat.org/static/images/state-validation/orbit.b691a319.png)

Updates to the system state can be proposed and challenged by a set of whitelisted validators. If a state root passes the challenge period, it is optimistically considered correct and made actionable for withdrawals.

### State root proposals

Whitelisted validators propose state roots as children of a previous state root. A state root can have multiple conflicting children. This structure forms a graph, and therefore, in the contracts, state roots are referred to as nodes. Each proposal requires a stake, currently set to 0.1 ETH, that can be slashed if the proposal is proven incorrect via a fraud proof. Stakes can be moved from one node to one of its children, either by calling `stakeOnExistingNode` or `stakeOnNewNode`. New nodes cannot be created faster than the minimum assertion period by the same validator, currently set to 12s. The oldest unconfirmed node can be confirmed if the challenge period has passed and there are no siblings, and rejected if the parent is not a confirmed node or if the challenge period has passed and no one is staked on it.

**Risks**

- Funds can be stolen if none of the whitelisted verifiers checks the published state. Fraud proofs assume at least one honest and able validator (CRITICAL).

**References**

- [How is fraud proven - Arbitrum documentation FAQ](https://docs.arbitrum.io/get-started/arbitrum-introduction)

### Challenges

A challenge can be started between two siblings, i.e. two different state roots that share the same parent, by calling the `startChallenge` function. Validators cannot be in more than one challenge at the same time, meaning that the protocol operates with [partial concurrency](https://medium.com/l2beat/fraud-proof-wars-b0cb4d0f452a). Since each challenge lasts 5d 14h, this implies that the protocol can be subject to [delay attacks](https://medium.com/offchainlabs/solutions-to-delay-attacks-on-rollups-434f9d05a07a), where a malicious actor can delay withdrawals as long as they are willing to pay the cost of losing their stakes. If the protocol is delayed attacked, the new stake requirement increases exponentially for each challenge period of delay. Challenges are played via a bisection game, where asserter and challenger play together to find the first instruction of disagreement. Such instruction is then executed onchain in the WASM OneStepProver contract to determine the winner, who then gets half of the stake of the loser. As said before, a state root is rejected only when no one left is staked on it. The protocol does not enforces valid bisections, meaning that actors can propose correct initial claim and then provide incorrect midpoints.

**References**

- [Fraud Proof Wars: Arbitrum Classic](https://medium.com/l2beat/fraud-proof-wars-b0cb4d0f452a)

### Fast confirmations

Whitelisted validators can fast-confirm state-roots after the initial 12s minimum assertion period has passed on a state root and skip the 5d 14h challenge period. This finalizes the fast-confirmed state root an permits withdrawals based on it.

**Risks**

- Funds can be stolen if validators with the 'fast-confirmer' permission finalize a malicious state root before the challenge period has passed (CRITICAL).

**References**

- [Fast withdrawals for AnyTrust chains - Arbitrum documentation](https://docs.arbitrum.io/launch-orbit-chain/how-tos/fast-withdrawals#fast-withdrawals-for-anytrust-chains)

### Program Hashes

#### ArbOS wasmModuleRoot v40

A commitment to the exact WASM binary version used for Orbit stack optimistic dispute games.

- Hash: `0xdb698a2576298f25448bc092e52cf13b1e24141c997135d70f217d674bbeb69a`
- Repository: https://github.com/OffchainLabs/nitro/tree/consensus-v40/arbos
- Verification: successful
- Used in: [Capx](https://ethbeat.org/layer2s/projects/capx), [Xai](https://ethbeat.org/layer2s/projects/xai), [Everclear Hub](https://ethbeat.org/layer2s/projects/everclear), [Aleph Zero EVM](https://ethbeat.org/layer2s/projects/aleph-zero), [Muster](https://ethbeat.org/layer2s/projects/muster), [Game7](https://ethbeat.org/layer2s/projects/g7), [XCHAIN](https://ethbeat.org/layer2s/projects/xchain), [WINR](https://ethbeat.org/layer2s/projects/winr), [Fluence](https://ethbeat.org/layer2s/projects/fluence), [Proof of Play Apex](https://ethbeat.org/layer2s/projects/popapex), [Proof of Play Boss](https://ethbeat.org/layer2s/projects/popboss), [PlayBlock](https://ethbeat.org/layer2s/projects/playblock)

##### Verification steps

ETHBEAT team was able to independently regenerate this program hash. However currently the following steps for hash regeneration produce an error, so the process could not be independently verified.

1. Install docker [https://docs.docker.com/get-started/get-docker/](https://docs.docker.com/get-started/get-docker/).
2. Checkout the correct branch in [nitro](https://github.com/OffchainLabs/nitro) repo: `git checkout consensus-v40` . Commit hash should be `37ae61f20f8efdbc7e2f6af7f21c309bc09086a1`.
3. Update git submodules `git submodule update --init --recursive --force`.
4. Generate wasm module root in docker: `docker buildx build --target nitro-node-dev -t nitro-node-dev .`. Currently this step fails with an error.
5. Export the value from the docker: `docker run --rm --entrypoint cat nitro-node-dev /home/user/target/machines/latest/module-root.txt`.

## Upgrades & Governance

### Past upgrades

The metrics include upgrades on the currently used proxy contracts. Historical proxy contracts and changes of such are not included.

- Count of upgrades: 5
- Last upgrade: 1y 6mo ago
- Avg upgrade interval: 1y 1mo

- 2025-04-28 22:28 UTC, upgrade of [SequencerInbox](https://etherscan.io/address/0x47861E0419BE83d0175818a09221B6DF2EFD7793#code): transaction [0x5adbb6f82d9025a1f43f2b84b97d65c1ee2790f1db392e95ad839d2df89fc059](https://etherscan.io/tx/0x5adbb6f82d9025a1f43f2b84b97d65c1ee2790f1db392e95ad839d2df89fc059), implementations: [0xaEd84B70Be8117112a5aa0d93a7fBff463A03b18](https://etherscan.io/address/0xaEd84B70Be8117112a5aa0d93a7fBff463A03b18#code) ([diff](https://disco.ethbeat.org/diff/eth:0x383f16fB2809a56fC639c1eE2c93Ad2aa7Ee130A/eth:0xaEd84B70Be8117112a5aa0d93a7fBff463A03b18))
- 2025-04-28 22:28 UTC, upgrade of [Inbox](https://etherscan.io/address/0xE961Ef06c26D0f032F0298c97C41e648d3bb715a#code): transaction [0x5adbb6f82d9025a1f43f2b84b97d65c1ee2790f1db392e95ad839d2df89fc059](https://etherscan.io/tx/0x5adbb6f82d9025a1f43f2b84b97d65c1ee2790f1db392e95ad839d2df89fc059), implementations: [0xf3830309BdfADcC7eEEF99C2EeA879D5fA6C756C](https://etherscan.io/address/0xf3830309BdfADcC7eEEF99C2EeA879D5fA6C756C#code) ([diff](https://disco.ethbeat.org/diff/eth:0x1162084C3C6575121146582Db5BE43189e8CEe6b/eth:0xf3830309BdfADcC7eEEF99C2EeA879D5fA6C756C))
- 2025-01-27 14:42 UTC, upgrade of [ChallengeManager](https://etherscan.io/address/0xC0880Eea7Ad1B28a39344D48B411bC96f3daf60D#code): transaction [0xd42a54d12572f4bf947d60e6a7d18eec03dab7c27774141a243e1d2bcb329dd9](https://etherscan.io/tx/0xd42a54d12572f4bf947d60e6a7d18eec03dab7c27774141a243e1d2bcb329dd9), implementations: [0x02E05A9245C5853f895daDcc3A8216C953C8736B](https://etherscan.io/address/0x02E05A9245C5853f895daDcc3A8216C953C8736B#code) ([diff](https://disco.ethbeat.org/diff/eth:0x1D901DD7A5eFE421C3C437B147040E5AF22E6A43/eth:0x02E05A9245C5853f895daDcc3A8216C953C8736B))
- 2025-01-27 14:42 UTC, upgrade of [RollupProxy](https://etherscan.io/address/0xeb61c3FA03544021cf76412eFb9D0Ce7D8c0290d#code): transaction [0xd42a54d12572f4bf947d60e6a7d18eec03dab7c27774141a243e1d2bcb329dd9](https://etherscan.io/tx/0xd42a54d12572f4bf947d60e6a7d18eec03dab7c27774141a243e1d2bcb329dd9), implementations: [0x9B56A789fEDD5df27dBaB53b085F7157397cA17D](https://etherscan.io/address/0x9B56A789fEDD5df27dBaB53b085F7157397cA17D#code) ([diff](https://disco.ethbeat.org/diff/eth:0x0aE4dD666748bF0F6dB5c149Eab1D8aD27820A6A/eth:0x9B56A789fEDD5df27dBaB53b085F7157397cA17D)), [0x5607Ea4b5F6e3F610bD346B36D3143FFf46d1C34](https://etherscan.io/address/0x5607Ea4b5F6e3F610bD346B36D3143FFf46d1C34#code) ([diff](https://disco.ethbeat.org/diff/eth:0x660ea1675F7323dC3Ba0c8dDFB593225Eb01E3C1/eth:0x5607Ea4b5F6e3F610bD346B36D3143FFf46d1C34))
- 2024-05-23 20:34 UTC, upgrade of [SequencerInbox](https://etherscan.io/address/0x47861E0419BE83d0175818a09221B6DF2EFD7793#code): transaction [0xc0e712054d68a04705baff16b7a9a90250799a1747911b98720cdb6c41d64b68](https://etherscan.io/tx/0xc0e712054d68a04705baff16b7a9a90250799a1747911b98720cdb6c41d64b68), implementations: [0x383f16fB2809a56fC639c1eE2c93Ad2aa7Ee130A](https://etherscan.io/address/0x383f16fB2809a56fC639c1eE2c93Ad2aa7Ee130A#code) ([diff](https://disco.ethbeat.org/diff/eth:0x958985cf2c54f99ba4a599221A8090C1F9Cee9A5/eth:0x383f16fB2809a56fC639c1eE2c93Ad2aa7Ee130A))
- 2024-05-23 20:01 UTC, deployment of [SequencerInbox](https://etherscan.io/address/0x47861E0419BE83d0175818a09221B6DF2EFD7793#code): transaction [0x07ff03aac60a3749cb5933d26f371a1d9956dcd6a045c719a91159c8b8d5e976](https://etherscan.io/tx/0x07ff03aac60a3749cb5933d26f371a1d9956dcd6a045c719a91159c8b8d5e976), implementations: [0x958985cf2c54f99ba4a599221A8090C1F9Cee9A5](https://etherscan.io/address/0x958985cf2c54f99ba4a599221A8090C1F9Cee9A5#code)
- 2024-05-23 20:01 UTC, deployment of [Inbox](https://etherscan.io/address/0xE961Ef06c26D0f032F0298c97C41e648d3bb715a#code): transaction [0x07ff03aac60a3749cb5933d26f371a1d9956dcd6a045c719a91159c8b8d5e976](https://etherscan.io/tx/0x07ff03aac60a3749cb5933d26f371a1d9956dcd6a045c719a91159c8b8d5e976), implementations: [0x1162084C3C6575121146582Db5BE43189e8CEe6b](https://etherscan.io/address/0x1162084C3C6575121146582Db5BE43189e8CEe6b#code)
- 2024-05-23 20:01 UTC, deployment of [ChallengeManager](https://etherscan.io/address/0xC0880Eea7Ad1B28a39344D48B411bC96f3daf60D#code): transaction [0x07ff03aac60a3749cb5933d26f371a1d9956dcd6a045c719a91159c8b8d5e976](https://etherscan.io/tx/0x07ff03aac60a3749cb5933d26f371a1d9956dcd6a045c719a91159c8b8d5e976), implementations: [0x1D901DD7A5eFE421C3C437B147040E5AF22E6A43](https://etherscan.io/address/0x1D901DD7A5eFE421C3C437B147040E5AF22E6A43#code)
- 2024-05-23 20:01 UTC, deployment of [RollupProxy](https://etherscan.io/address/0xeb61c3FA03544021cf76412eFb9D0Ce7D8c0290d#code): transaction [0x07ff03aac60a3749cb5933d26f371a1d9956dcd6a045c719a91159c8b8d5e976](https://etherscan.io/tx/0x07ff03aac60a3749cb5933d26f371a1d9956dcd6a045c719a91159c8b8d5e976), implementations: [0x0aE4dD666748bF0F6dB5c149Eab1D8aD27820A6A](https://etherscan.io/address/0x0aE4dD666748bF0F6dB5c149Eab1D8aD27820A6A#code), [0x660ea1675F7323dC3Ba0c8dDFB593225Eb01E3C1](https://etherscan.io/address/0x660ea1675F7323dC3Ba0c8dDFB593225Eb01E3C1#code)
- 2024-05-23 20:01 UTC, deployment of [Bridge](https://etherscan.io/address/0x2Be65c5b58F78B02AB5c0e798A9ffC181703D3C1#code): transaction [0x07ff03aac60a3749cb5933d26f371a1d9956dcd6a045c719a91159c8b8d5e976](https://etherscan.io/tx/0x07ff03aac60a3749cb5933d26f371a1d9956dcd6a045c719a91159c8b8d5e976), implementations: [0x1c6ACCd9d66f3B993928E7439c9A2d67b94a445F](https://etherscan.io/address/0x1c6ACCd9d66f3B993928E7439c9A2d67b94a445F#code)
- 2024-05-23 20:01 UTC, deployment of [UpgradeExecutor](https://etherscan.io/address/0x20195677a6De5f0f7dF4e21cE48F0D24e5477110#code): transaction [0x07ff03aac60a3749cb5933d26f371a1d9956dcd6a045c719a91159c8b8d5e976](https://etherscan.io/tx/0x07ff03aac60a3749cb5933d26f371a1d9956dcd6a045c719a91159c8b8d5e976), implementations: [0x6c21303F5986180B1394d2C89f3e883890E2867b](https://etherscan.io/address/0x6c21303F5986180B1394d2C89f3e883890E2867b#code)
- 2024-05-23 20:01 UTC, deployment of [Outbox](https://etherscan.io/address/0x0b8071337dcB089478Ea740efC10904d9F359141#code): transaction [0x07ff03aac60a3749cb5933d26f371a1d9956dcd6a045c719a91159c8b8d5e976](https://etherscan.io/tx/0x07ff03aac60a3749cb5933d26f371a1d9956dcd6a045c719a91159c8b8d5e976), implementations: [0x2a6DD4433ffa96dc1755814FC0d9cc83A5F68DeC](https://etherscan.io/address/0x2a6DD4433ffa96dc1755814FC0d9cc83A5F68DeC#code)
- 2024-05-23 20:01 UTC, deployment of [RollupEventInbox](https://etherscan.io/address/0x6c8faa6b06d4bDD5Af628ac28954736a0fC0BD6b#code): transaction [0x07ff03aac60a3749cb5933d26f371a1d9956dcd6a045c719a91159c8b8d5e976](https://etherscan.io/tx/0x07ff03aac60a3749cb5933d26f371a1d9956dcd6a045c719a91159c8b8d5e976), implementations: [0x13BE515E44Eefaf3eBEFAD684F1FBB574Ac0A494](https://etherscan.io/address/0x13BE515E44Eefaf3eBEFAD684F1FBB574Ac0A494#code)

## Updates

Each date links the update on the HTML page, which also shows its contract diffs.

### [2026-06-15 08:07 UTC](https://ethbeat.org/layer2s/projects/xchain?update=e9849266) (3 changes)

Conduit Multisig 1 dropped two signers.

### [2026-06-02 11:14 UTC](https://ethbeat.org/layer2s/projects/xchain?update=2ac91d3b) (2 changes)

Conduit Multisig 1 rotated one signer (operator key `0x3840…fd5f` → `0xcdC9…4853`); same rotation propagated across Conduit Multisigs 1/2/3 on eth/arb1/base.

### [2026-05-05 15:18 UTC](https://ethbeat.org/layer2s/projects/xchain?update=bfbb1148) (2 changes)

Conduit Multisig 1 (`eth:0x4a496227...`) — signer `0x381624F7` removed. Threshold unchanged at 4; total signers 13 → 12 (31% → 33%). Shared multisig (referenced by multiple Conduit-managed chains).

### [2026-03-11 13:04 UTC](https://ethbeat.org/layer2s/projects/xchain?update=4b4750a8) (2 changes)

New EOA 0x8af97264482B59c7AA11010907710DEe6d8D8c6C granted EXECUTOR_ROLE on the UpgradeExecutor. This EOA can now execute upgrades on all system contracts without the multisig.

### [2026-01-30 11:40 UTC](https://ethbeat.org/layer2s/projects/xchain?update=3ff7e570) (7 changes)

Add 1/1 fastConfirmer. Reduced minimumAssertionPeriod from 75 to 1.

### [2026-01-27 11:53 UTC](https://ethbeat.org/layer2s/projects/xchain?update=bc3c8e9e) (2 changes)

New member added to Conduit Multisig 1, increasing from 4 of 12 to 4 of 13 threshold.

### [2026-01-21 08:34 UTC](https://ethbeat.org/layer2s/projects/xchain?update=51f1fedc) (2 changes)

New member conduit msig.

### [2026-01-16 12:23 UTC](https://ethbeat.org/layer2s/projects/xchain?update=4fa765ee) (2 changes)

Conduit Multisig 1 added a new signer, increasing members from 10 to 11 (threshold remains 4).

### [2025-12-05 11:25 UTC](https://ethbeat.org/layer2s/projects/xchain?update=a188b625) (3 changes)

Conduit multisig key rotation.

### [2025-10-03 08:43 UTC](https://ethbeat.org/layer2s/projects/xchain?update=a1c3fc94) (2 changes)

Member removed from multisig.

### [2025-08-26 13:24 UTC](https://ethbeat.org/layer2s/projects/xchain?update=12c10b0e) (2 changes)

Conduit msig: removed one address

### [2025-08-22 09:09 UTC](https://ethbeat.org/layer2s/projects/xchain?update=4d0487d2) (2 changes)

Upgrade to ArbOS v40 wasmModuleRoot.

### [2025-08-12 14:37 UTC](https://ethbeat.org/layer2s/projects/xchain?update=efe685c2) (2 changes)

Conduit Multisig 1 signer added.

### [2025-07-14 12:46 UTC](https://ethbeat.org/layer2s/projects/xchain?update=9dd502bd) (16 changes)

Discovery rerun on the same block number with only config-related changes.

### [2025-07-11 12:31 UTC](https://ethbeat.org/layer2s/projects/xchain?update=24adebfa) (5 changes)

batch poster removed.

### [2025-06-20 06:55 UTC](https://ethbeat.org/layer2s/projects/xchain?update=49d9e185) (22 changes)

Add 9 batchposters and validators (conduit).

### [2025-06-02 08:02 UTC](https://ethbeat.org/layer2s/projects/xchain?update=fef4f185) (6 changes)

conduit ms signer change.

### [2025-05-02 17:25 UTC](https://ethbeat.org/layer2s/projects/xchain?update=4aa80fc4) (high severity, 13 changes)

Upgrade to known orbit implementations.

### [2025-03-14 15:42 UTC](https://ethbeat.org/layer2s/projects/xchain?update=7c5bfe3f) (11 changes)

Conduit MS changes.

### [2025-01-28 15:38 UTC](https://ethbeat.org/layer2s/projects/xchain?update=c26480f7) (high severity, 28 changes)

Standard upgrade to ArbOS v32 (known contracts).

### [2025-01-16 12:38 UTC](https://ethbeat.org/layer2s/projects/xchain?update=53381245) (10 changes)

ConduitMultisig signer changes.

### [2024-10-30 13:13 UTC](https://ethbeat.org/layer2s/projects/xchain?update=0591bceb) (9 changes)

Conduit MS: Signer added.

### [2024-10-16 10:58 UTC](https://ethbeat.org/layer2s/projects/xchain?update=543c6a13) (19 changes)

Standard Orbit stack Optimium by Conduit (AnyTrust 1/1).

## Operator

### The system has a centralized sequencer

While forcing transaction is open to anyone the system employs a privileged sequencer that has priority for submitting transaction batches and ordering transactions.

**Risks**

- MEV can be extracted if the operator exploits their centralized position and frontruns user transactions.

**References**

- [Sequencer - Arbitrum documentation](https://docs.arbitrum.io/how-arbitrum-works/inside-arbitrum-nitro#the-sequencer)

### Users can force any transaction

Because the state of the system is based on transactions submitted on the underlying host chain and anyone can submit their transactions there it allows the users to circumvent censorship by interacting with the smart contract on the host chain directly. After a delay of 1d in which a Sequencer has failed to include a transaction that was directly posted to the smart contract, it can be forcefully included by anyone on the host chain, which finalizes its ordering.

**References**

- [SequencerInbox.sol - source code, forceInclusion function](https://etherscan.io/address/0xaEd84B70Be8117112a5aa0d93a7fBff463A03b18#code)
- [Sequencer Isn't Doing Its Job - Arbitrum documentation](https://docs.arbitrum.io/how-arbitrum-works/sequencer#unhappyuncommon-case-sequencer-isnt-doing-its-job)

## Sequencing

### Delayed forced transactions

To force transactions from the host chain, users must first enqueue "delayed" messages in the "delayed" inbox of the Bridge contract. Only authorized Inboxes are allowed to enqueue delayed messages, and the so-called Inbox contract is the one used as the entry point by calling the `sendMessage` or `sendMessageFromOrigin` functions. If the centralized sequencer doesn't process the request within some time bound, users can call the `forceInclusion` function on the SequencerInbox contract to include the message in the canonical chain. The time bound is hardcoded to be 1d.

## Withdrawals

### Regular messaging

The user initiates L2->L1 messages by submitting a regular transaction on this chain. When the block containing that transaction is settled, the message becomes available for processing on L1. The process of block finalization usually takes several days to complete.

**References**

- [Transaction lifecycle - Arbitrum documentation](https://developer.offchainlabs.com/tx-lifecycle)
- [L2 to L1 Messages - Arbitrum documentation](https://docs.arbitrum.io/how-arbitrum-works/deep-dives/l2-to-l1-messaging)
- [Mainnet for everyone - Arbitrum Blog](https://offchain.medium.com/mainnet-for-everyone-27ce0f67c85e)

### Autonomous exit

Users can (eventually) exit the system by pushing the transaction on L1 and providing the corresponding state root. The only way to prevent such withdrawal is via an upgrade.

## Other considerations

### EVM compatible smart contracts are supported

Arbitrum One uses Nitro technology that allows running fraud proofs by executing EVM code on top of WASM.

**References**

- [Inside Arbitrum Nitro](https://developer.offchainlabs.com/inside-arbitrum-nitro/)

## Permissions

Explore these contracts and permissions in Disco, ETHBEAT's contract explorer: https://disco.ethbeat.org/ui/p/xchain

### Ethereum

#### Actors

##### Conduit Multisig 1

Addresses: [0x4a4962275DF8C60a80d3a25faEc5AA7De116A746](https://etherscan.io/address/0x4a4962275DF8C60a80d3a25faEc5AA7De116A746)

A Multisig with 4/10 threshold.
- Can upgrade **with no delay**
  - Outbox [via: UpgradeExecutor → ProxyAdmin]
  - UpgradeExecutor [via: UpgradeExecutor → ProxyAdmin]
  - Bridge [via: UpgradeExecutor → ProxyAdmin]
  - SequencerInbox [via: UpgradeExecutor → ProxyAdmin]
  - RollupEventInbox [via: UpgradeExecutor → ProxyAdmin]
  - ChallengeManager [via: UpgradeExecutor → ProxyAdmin]
  - Inbox [via: UpgradeExecutor → ProxyAdmin]
  - RollupProxy [via: UpgradeExecutor]
- Can interact with RollupProxy
  - Pause and unpause and set important roles and parameters in the system contracts: Can delegate Sequencer management to a BatchPosterManager address, manage data availability, DACs and the fastConfirmer role, set the Sequencer-only window, introduce an allowList to the bridge and whitelist Inboxes/Outboxes [via: UpgradeExecutor]

Participants (10): [0xcdC931935768c0562AfE989A366a3Dc4d52F4853](https://etherscan.io/address/0xcdC931935768c0562AfE989A366a3Dc4d52F4853), [0xA9FCCc53F1c9095DA867Bd648683F8bdCcc78d09](https://etherscan.io/address/0xA9FCCc53F1c9095DA867Bd648683F8bdCcc78d09), [0x6BB4249858Ee19b6ABC071AD26bEe690baa783A6](https://etherscan.io/address/0x6BB4249858Ee19b6ABC071AD26bEe690baa783A6), [0x2103c69696CB2D3779f5445393808239034E911c](https://etherscan.io/address/0x2103c69696CB2D3779f5445393808239034E911c), [0x81175155D85377C337d92f1FA52Da166C3A4E7Ac](https://etherscan.io/address/0x81175155D85377C337d92f1FA52Da166C3A4E7Ac), [0xA0737fea60F0601A192E3d2c98865A883ab0bda2](https://etherscan.io/address/0xA0737fea60F0601A192E3d2c98865A883ab0bda2), [0xF3313C48BD8E17b823d5498D62F37019dFEA647D](https://etherscan.io/address/0xF3313C48BD8E17b823d5498D62F37019dFEA647D), [0xa0C600a6e85bf225958FFAcC70B5FDDF9A059038](https://etherscan.io/address/0xa0C600a6e85bf225958FFAcC70B5FDDF9A059038), [0xefCf0c8faFB425997870f845e26fC6cA6EE6dD5C](https://etherscan.io/address/0xefCf0c8faFB425997870f845e26fC6cA6EE6dD5C), [0x4D8007a0E9f293e62E2b0F43C6Cf4C4B9e135BAe](https://etherscan.io/address/0x4D8007a0E9f293e62E2b0F43C6Cf4C4B9e135BAe)

Used in: [Aevo](https://ethbeat.org/layer2s/projects/aevo#Conduit%20Multisig%201), [Gravity](https://ethbeat.org/layer2s/projects/galxegravity#Conduit%20Multisig%201), [Katana](https://ethbeat.org/layer2s/projects/katana#Conduit%20Multisig%201), [Lasernet](https://ethbeat.org/layer2s/projects/lasernet#Conduit%20Multisig%201), [Metal](https://ethbeat.org/layer2s/projects/metal#Conduit%20Multisig%201), [Mode Network](https://ethbeat.org/layer2s/projects/mode#Conduit%20Multisig%201), [Nillion](https://ethbeat.org/layer2s/projects/nillion#Conduit%20Multisig%201), [Orderly Network](https://ethbeat.org/layer2s/projects/orderly#Conduit%20Multisig%201), [Pepe Unchained](https://ethbeat.org/layer2s/projects/pepe-unchained#Conduit%20Multisig%201), [Phala](https://ethbeat.org/layer2s/projects/phala#Conduit%20Multisig%201), [Plume Network](https://ethbeat.org/layer2s/projects/plumenetwork#Conduit%20Multisig%201), [Ronin](https://ethbeat.org/layer2s/projects/ronin-network#Conduit%20Multisig%201), [Reya](https://ethbeat.org/layer2s/projects/reya#Conduit%20Multisig%201), [Zircuit](https://ethbeat.org/layer2s/projects/zircuit#Conduit%20Multisig%201), [Zora](https://ethbeat.org/layer2s/projects/zora#Conduit%20Multisig%201)

##### GnosisSafeL2

Addresses: [0x6d9BbB2e3E7d13727deb2249E13B9D86A62CbcE0](https://etherscan.io/address/0x6d9BbB2e3E7d13727deb2249E13B9D86A62CbcE0)

A Multisig with 1/1 threshold.

Participants (1): [0xa017149a752BDd8723a09Cd6f40c388D38B8d202](https://ethbeat.org/layer2s/projects/xchain#EOA-2) (EOA 2)

##### EOA 1

Addresses: [0x8af97264482B59c7AA11010907710DEe6d8D8c6C](https://etherscan.io/address/0x8af97264482B59c7AA11010907710DEe6d8D8c6C)

- Can upgrade **with no delay**
  - Outbox [via: UpgradeExecutor → ProxyAdmin]
  - UpgradeExecutor [via: UpgradeExecutor → ProxyAdmin]
  - Bridge [via: UpgradeExecutor → ProxyAdmin]
  - SequencerInbox [via: UpgradeExecutor → ProxyAdmin]
  - RollupEventInbox [via: UpgradeExecutor → ProxyAdmin]
  - ChallengeManager [via: UpgradeExecutor → ProxyAdmin]
  - Inbox [via: UpgradeExecutor → ProxyAdmin]
  - RollupProxy [via: UpgradeExecutor]
- Can interact with RollupProxy
  - Pause and unpause and set important roles and parameters in the system contracts: Can delegate Sequencer management to a BatchPosterManager address, manage data availability, DACs and the fastConfirmer role, set the Sequencer-only window, introduce an allowList to the bridge and whitelist Inboxes/Outboxes [via: UpgradeExecutor]

##### EOA 2

Addresses: [0xa017149a752BDd8723a09Cd6f40c388D38B8d202](https://etherscan.io/address/0xa017149a752BDd8723a09Cd6f40c388D38B8d202)

Member of GnosisSafeL2.
- Can interact with RollupProxy
  - Can finalize a state root before the challenge period has passed. This allows withdrawing from the bridge based on the state root [via: GnosisSafeL2]
  - Can propose new state roots (called nodes) and challenge state roots on the host chain [via: GnosisSafeL2 - or - acting directly]

##### 8 EOAs

Addresses: [0x006F5B7E2D58fb4E53DEdaB8802FCdf2a5441DC7](https://etherscan.io/address/0x006F5B7E2D58fb4E53DEdaB8802FCdf2a5441DC7) (EOA 3), [0x11f563dDbF266484Dd910A401A7e44299d80b1d5](https://etherscan.io/address/0x11f563dDbF266484Dd910A401A7e44299d80b1d5) (EOA 4), [0x16C1D3b4aDB6f0F468FCE7b802cE5AA0A2B06d03](https://etherscan.io/address/0x16C1D3b4aDB6f0F468FCE7b802cE5AA0A2B06d03) (EOA 5), [0x33Bf8bF5aF3579D0E2305302409A5b6b4173c779](https://etherscan.io/address/0x33Bf8bF5aF3579D0E2305302409A5b6b4173c779) (EOA 8), [0x401Ba2e5037e3d8D1c32E77Dfd371501618604Bf](https://etherscan.io/address/0x401Ba2e5037e3d8D1c32E77Dfd371501618604Bf) (EOA 9), [0x8fbEf9f7554aec9CCf62b88D86aE1C91F1599F7C](https://etherscan.io/address/0x8fbEf9f7554aec9CCf62b88D86aE1C91F1599F7C) (EOA 13), [0x9DFaA1770bcE35EaB6a163D3cDE6cA1F3Ff7eA66](https://etherscan.io/address/0x9DFaA1770bcE35EaB6a163D3cDE6cA1F3Ff7eA66) (EOA 14), [0xd1e56283216127E1F40A3752735C94A13d97bc92](https://etherscan.io/address/0xd1e56283216127E1F40A3752735C94A13d97bc92) (EOA 19)

- Can interact with RollupProxy
  - Can propose new state roots (called nodes) and challenge state roots on the host chain

##### 9 EOAs

Addresses: [0x17F187D978664C96ffD655996a45e085c403AD8b](https://etherscan.io/address/0x17F187D978664C96ffD655996a45e085c403AD8b) (EOA 6), [0x2E8C0869C173cC07c58186E9DeEA74314635b1E2](https://etherscan.io/address/0x2E8C0869C173cC07c58186E9DeEA74314635b1E2) (EOA 7), [0x4ed0f98FB4c331e672653E832c55E0f9F402C228](https://etherscan.io/address/0x4ed0f98FB4c331e672653E832c55E0f9F402C228) (EOA 10), [0x74a0d46BA4F69cAB77A459f8B12dc531c7DaBf3C](https://etherscan.io/address/0x74a0d46BA4F69cAB77A459f8B12dc531c7DaBf3C) (EOA 11), [0x85e70D857F6Fad7AD4ffc3fC95FD0fd8C396A09D](https://etherscan.io/address/0x85e70D857F6Fad7AD4ffc3fC95FD0fd8C396A09D) (EOA 12), [0xA4f98Ac0E083C79BAB53A3895082e8a4fbf12CDe](https://etherscan.io/address/0xA4f98Ac0E083C79BAB53A3895082e8a4fbf12CDe) (EOA 15), [0xb9B2AeAe8D160a5bF9cb7FE7B2c8B58c0293FD5e](https://etherscan.io/address/0xb9B2AeAe8D160a5bF9cb7FE7B2c8B58c0293FD5e) (EOA 16), [0xc7ef93FE91D4658bb422B11C5f8Ae17ae3B86D36](https://etherscan.io/address/0xc7ef93FE91D4658bb422B11C5f8Ae17ae3B86D36) (EOA 17), [0xCEEAEC6b7e010fE1Ac253Ebd6f93eEBF9249Cd7e](https://etherscan.io/address/0xCEEAEC6b7e010fE1Ac253Ebd6f93eEBF9249Cd7e) (EOA 18)

- Can interact with SequencerInbox
  - Can submit transaction batches or commitments to the SequencerInbox contract on the host chain

## Smart contracts

![A diagram of the smart contract architecture](https://ethbeat.org/static/images/architecture/orbit-optimium-fastconfirm.3f3e58f9.png)

Explore these contracts and permissions in Disco, ETHBEAT's contract explorer: https://disco.ethbeat.org/ui/p/xchain

### Ethereum

#### Bridge (escrow)

Addresses: [0x2Be65c5b58F78B02AB5c0e798A9ffC181703D3C1](https://etherscan.io/address/0x2Be65c5b58F78B02AB5c0e798A9ffC181703D3C1#code), [0x1c6ACCd9d66f3B993928E7439c9A2d67b94a445F](https://etherscan.io/address/0x1c6ACCd9d66f3B993928E7439c9A2d67b94a445F#code) (Implementation (Upgradable)), [0x22010F5C4c106dfBaffec780196d2F691860Ff62](https://etherscan.io/address/0x22010F5C4c106dfBaffec780196d2F691860Ff62#code) (Admin)

**Past upgrades** (Count of upgrades: No upgrades, Last upgrade: N/A, Avg upgrade interval: N/A)

- 2024-05-23 20:01 UTC, deployment of [Bridge](https://etherscan.io/address/0x2Be65c5b58F78B02AB5c0e798A9ffC181703D3C1#code): transaction [0x07ff03aac60a3749cb5933d26f371a1d9956dcd6a045c719a91159c8b8d5e976](https://etherscan.io/tx/0x07ff03aac60a3749cb5933d26f371a1d9956dcd6a045c719a91159c8b8d5e976), implementations: [0x1c6ACCd9d66f3B993928E7439c9A2d67b94a445F](https://etherscan.io/address/0x1c6ACCd9d66f3B993928E7439c9A2d67b94a445F#code)

Escrow contract for the project's gas token (can be different from ETH). Keeps a list of allowed Inboxes and Outboxes for canonical bridge messaging.
- Roles:
  - **admin**: ProxyAdmin; ultimately Conduit Multisig 1, EOA 1

The following tokens are included in the value secured calculation: ETH

Can be upgraded by: Conduit Multisig 1 with no delay, EOA 1 with no delay

Implementation used in: [AlienX](https://ethbeat.org/layer2s/projects/alienx#Bridge)

#### SequencerInbox

Addresses: [0x47861E0419BE83d0175818a09221B6DF2EFD7793](https://etherscan.io/address/0x47861E0419BE83d0175818a09221B6DF2EFD7793#code), [0xaEd84B70Be8117112a5aa0d93a7fBff463A03b18](https://etherscan.io/address/0xaEd84B70Be8117112a5aa0d93a7fBff463A03b18#code) (Implementation (Upgradable)), [0x22010F5C4c106dfBaffec780196d2F691860Ff62](https://etherscan.io/address/0x22010F5C4c106dfBaffec780196d2F691860Ff62#code) (Admin)

**Past upgrades** (Count of upgrades: 2, Last upgrade: 1y 6mo ago, Avg upgrade interval: 9mo 28d)

- 2025-04-28 22:28 UTC, upgrade of [SequencerInbox](https://etherscan.io/address/0x47861E0419BE83d0175818a09221B6DF2EFD7793#code): transaction [0x5adbb6f82d9025a1f43f2b84b97d65c1ee2790f1db392e95ad839d2df89fc059](https://etherscan.io/tx/0x5adbb6f82d9025a1f43f2b84b97d65c1ee2790f1db392e95ad839d2df89fc059), implementations: [0xaEd84B70Be8117112a5aa0d93a7fBff463A03b18](https://etherscan.io/address/0xaEd84B70Be8117112a5aa0d93a7fBff463A03b18#code) ([diff](https://disco.ethbeat.org/diff/eth:0x383f16fB2809a56fC639c1eE2c93Ad2aa7Ee130A/eth:0xaEd84B70Be8117112a5aa0d93a7fBff463A03b18))
- 2024-05-23 20:34 UTC, upgrade of [SequencerInbox](https://etherscan.io/address/0x47861E0419BE83d0175818a09221B6DF2EFD7793#code): transaction [0xc0e712054d68a04705baff16b7a9a90250799a1747911b98720cdb6c41d64b68](https://etherscan.io/tx/0xc0e712054d68a04705baff16b7a9a90250799a1747911b98720cdb6c41d64b68), implementations: [0x383f16fB2809a56fC639c1eE2c93Ad2aa7Ee130A](https://etherscan.io/address/0x383f16fB2809a56fC639c1eE2c93Ad2aa7Ee130A#code) ([diff](https://disco.ethbeat.org/diff/eth:0x958985cf2c54f99ba4a599221A8090C1F9Cee9A5/eth:0x383f16fB2809a56fC639c1eE2c93Ad2aa7Ee130A))
- 2024-05-23 20:01 UTC, deployment of [SequencerInbox](https://etherscan.io/address/0x47861E0419BE83d0175818a09221B6DF2EFD7793#code): transaction [0x07ff03aac60a3749cb5933d26f371a1d9956dcd6a045c719a91159c8b8d5e976](https://etherscan.io/tx/0x07ff03aac60a3749cb5933d26f371a1d9956dcd6a045c719a91159c8b8d5e976), implementations: [0x958985cf2c54f99ba4a599221A8090C1F9Cee9A5](https://etherscan.io/address/0x958985cf2c54f99ba4a599221A8090C1F9Cee9A5#code)

A sequencer (registered in this contract) can submit transaction batches or commitments here.
- Roles:
  - **admin**: ProxyAdmin; ultimately Conduit Multisig 1, EOA 1
  - **batchPosters**: EOA 10, EOA 11, EOA 12, EOA 15, EOA 16, EOA 17, EOA 18, EOA 6, EOA 7

Can be upgraded by: Conduit Multisig 1 with no delay, EOA 1 with no delay

Implementation used in: [SX Network](https://ethbeat.org/layer2s/projects/sxnetwork#SequencerInbox)

#### ChallengeManager

Addresses: [0xC0880Eea7Ad1B28a39344D48B411bC96f3daf60D](https://etherscan.io/address/0xC0880Eea7Ad1B28a39344D48B411bC96f3daf60D#code), [0x02E05A9245C5853f895daDcc3A8216C953C8736B](https://etherscan.io/address/0x02E05A9245C5853f895daDcc3A8216C953C8736B#code) (Implementation (Upgradable)), [0x22010F5C4c106dfBaffec780196d2F691860Ff62](https://etherscan.io/address/0x22010F5C4c106dfBaffec780196d2F691860Ff62#code) (Admin)

**Past upgrades** (Count of upgrades: 1, Last upgrade: 1y 9mo ago, Avg upgrade interval: 1y 2mo)

- 2025-01-27 14:42 UTC, upgrade of [ChallengeManager](https://etherscan.io/address/0xC0880Eea7Ad1B28a39344D48B411bC96f3daf60D#code): transaction [0xd42a54d12572f4bf947d60e6a7d18eec03dab7c27774141a243e1d2bcb329dd9](https://etherscan.io/tx/0xd42a54d12572f4bf947d60e6a7d18eec03dab7c27774141a243e1d2bcb329dd9), implementations: [0x02E05A9245C5853f895daDcc3A8216C953C8736B](https://etherscan.io/address/0x02E05A9245C5853f895daDcc3A8216C953C8736B#code) ([diff](https://disco.ethbeat.org/diff/eth:0x1D901DD7A5eFE421C3C437B147040E5AF22E6A43/eth:0x02E05A9245C5853f895daDcc3A8216C953C8736B))
- 2024-05-23 20:01 UTC, deployment of [ChallengeManager](https://etherscan.io/address/0xC0880Eea7Ad1B28a39344D48B411bC96f3daf60D#code): transaction [0x07ff03aac60a3749cb5933d26f371a1d9956dcd6a045c719a91159c8b8d5e976](https://etherscan.io/tx/0x07ff03aac60a3749cb5933d26f371a1d9956dcd6a045c719a91159c8b8d5e976), implementations: [0x1D901DD7A5eFE421C3C437B147040E5AF22E6A43](https://etherscan.io/address/0x1D901DD7A5eFE421C3C437B147040E5AF22E6A43#code)

Contract that allows challenging state roots. Can be called through the RollupProxy by Validators or the UpgradeExecutor.
- Roles:
  - **admin**: ProxyAdmin; ultimately Conduit Multisig 1, EOA 1

Can be upgraded by: Conduit Multisig 1 with no delay, EOA 1 with no delay

Implementation used in: [SX Network](https://ethbeat.org/layer2s/projects/sxnetwork#ChallengeManager)

#### RollupProxy

Addresses: [0xeb61c3FA03544021cf76412eFb9D0Ce7D8c0290d](https://etherscan.io/address/0xeb61c3FA03544021cf76412eFb9D0Ce7D8c0290d#code), [0x9B56A789fEDD5df27dBaB53b085F7157397cA17D](https://etherscan.io/address/0x9B56A789fEDD5df27dBaB53b085F7157397cA17D#code) (Implementation #1 (Upgradable)), [0x5607Ea4b5F6e3F610bD346B36D3143FFf46d1C34](https://etherscan.io/address/0x5607Ea4b5F6e3F610bD346B36D3143FFf46d1C34#code) (Implementation #2 (Upgradable)), [0x20195677a6De5f0f7dF4e21cE48F0D24e5477110](https://etherscan.io/address/0x20195677a6De5f0f7dF4e21cE48F0D24e5477110#code) (Admin)

**Past upgrades** (Count of upgrades: 1, Last upgrade: 1y 9mo ago, Avg upgrade interval: 1y 2mo)

- 2025-01-27 14:42 UTC, upgrade of [RollupProxy](https://etherscan.io/address/0xeb61c3FA03544021cf76412eFb9D0Ce7D8c0290d#code): transaction [0xd42a54d12572f4bf947d60e6a7d18eec03dab7c27774141a243e1d2bcb329dd9](https://etherscan.io/tx/0xd42a54d12572f4bf947d60e6a7d18eec03dab7c27774141a243e1d2bcb329dd9), implementations: [0x9B56A789fEDD5df27dBaB53b085F7157397cA17D](https://etherscan.io/address/0x9B56A789fEDD5df27dBaB53b085F7157397cA17D#code) ([diff](https://disco.ethbeat.org/diff/eth:0x0aE4dD666748bF0F6dB5c149Eab1D8aD27820A6A/eth:0x9B56A789fEDD5df27dBaB53b085F7157397cA17D)), [0x5607Ea4b5F6e3F610bD346B36D3143FFf46d1C34](https://etherscan.io/address/0x5607Ea4b5F6e3F610bD346B36D3143FFf46d1C34#code) ([diff](https://disco.ethbeat.org/diff/eth:0x660ea1675F7323dC3Ba0c8dDFB593225Eb01E3C1/eth:0x5607Ea4b5F6e3F610bD346B36D3143FFf46d1C34))
- 2024-05-23 20:01 UTC, deployment of [RollupProxy](https://etherscan.io/address/0xeb61c3FA03544021cf76412eFb9D0Ce7D8c0290d#code): transaction [0x07ff03aac60a3749cb5933d26f371a1d9956dcd6a045c719a91159c8b8d5e976](https://etherscan.io/tx/0x07ff03aac60a3749cb5933d26f371a1d9956dcd6a045c719a91159c8b8d5e976), implementations: [0x0aE4dD666748bF0F6dB5c149Eab1D8aD27820A6A](https://etherscan.io/address/0x0aE4dD666748bF0F6dB5c149Eab1D8aD27820A6A#code), [0x660ea1675F7323dC3Ba0c8dDFB593225Eb01E3C1](https://etherscan.io/address/0x660ea1675F7323dC3Ba0c8dDFB593225Eb01E3C1#code)

Central contract for the project's configuration like its execution logic hash (`wasmModuleRoot`) and addresses of the other system contracts. Entry point for Proposers creating new Rollup Nodes (state commitments) and Challengers submitting fraud proofs (In the Orbit stack, these two roles are both held by the Validators).
- Roles:
  - **admin**: UpgradeExecutor; ultimately Conduit Multisig 1, EOA 1
  - **anyTrustFastConfirmer**: GnosisSafeL2; ultimately EOA 2
  - **owner**: UpgradeExecutor; ultimately Conduit Multisig 1, EOA 1
  - **validators**: EOA 13, EOA 14, EOA 19, EOA 2, EOA 3, EOA 4, EOA 5, EOA 8, EOA 9, GnosisSafeL2; ultimately EOA 2

Can be upgraded by: Conduit Multisig 1 with no delay, EOA 1 with no delay

Implementation used in: [SX Network](https://ethbeat.org/layer2s/projects/sxnetwork#RollupProxy)

#### UpgradeExecutor

Addresses: [0x20195677a6De5f0f7dF4e21cE48F0D24e5477110](https://etherscan.io/address/0x20195677a6De5f0f7dF4e21cE48F0D24e5477110#code), [0x6c21303F5986180B1394d2C89f3e883890E2867b](https://etherscan.io/address/0x6c21303F5986180B1394d2C89f3e883890E2867b#code) (Implementation (Upgradable)), [0x22010F5C4c106dfBaffec780196d2F691860Ff62](https://etherscan.io/address/0x22010F5C4c106dfBaffec780196d2F691860Ff62#code) (Admin)

**Past upgrades** (Count of upgrades: No upgrades, Last upgrade: N/A, Avg upgrade interval: N/A)

- 2024-05-23 20:01 UTC, deployment of [UpgradeExecutor](https://etherscan.io/address/0x20195677a6De5f0f7dF4e21cE48F0D24e5477110#code): transaction [0x07ff03aac60a3749cb5933d26f371a1d9956dcd6a045c719a91159c8b8d5e976](https://etherscan.io/tx/0x07ff03aac60a3749cb5933d26f371a1d9956dcd6a045c719a91159c8b8d5e976), implementations: [0x6c21303F5986180B1394d2C89f3e883890E2867b](https://etherscan.io/address/0x6c21303F5986180B1394d2C89f3e883890E2867b#code)

Central contract defining the access control permissions for upgrading the system contract implementations.
- Roles:
  - **admin**: ProxyAdmin; ultimately Conduit Multisig 1, EOA 1
  - **executors**: Conduit Multisig 1, EOA 1

Can be upgraded by: Conduit Multisig 1 with no delay, EOA 1 with no delay

Implementation used in: [AlienX](https://ethbeat.org/layer2s/projects/alienx#UpgradeExecutor), [Gravity](https://ethbeat.org/layer2s/projects/galxegravity#UpgradeExecutor), [Reya](https://ethbeat.org/layer2s/projects/reya#UpgradeExecutor), [SX Network](https://ethbeat.org/layer2s/projects/sxnetwork#UpgradeExecutor)

#### Outbox

Addresses: [0x0b8071337dcB089478Ea740efC10904d9F359141](https://etherscan.io/address/0x0b8071337dcB089478Ea740efC10904d9F359141#code), [0x2a6DD4433ffa96dc1755814FC0d9cc83A5F68DeC](https://etherscan.io/address/0x2a6DD4433ffa96dc1755814FC0d9cc83A5F68DeC#code) (Implementation (Upgradable)), [0x22010F5C4c106dfBaffec780196d2F691860Ff62](https://etherscan.io/address/0x22010F5C4c106dfBaffec780196d2F691860Ff62#code) (Admin)

**Past upgrades** (Count of upgrades: No upgrades, Last upgrade: N/A, Avg upgrade interval: N/A)

- 2024-05-23 20:01 UTC, deployment of [Outbox](https://etherscan.io/address/0x0b8071337dcB089478Ea740efC10904d9F359141#code): transaction [0x07ff03aac60a3749cb5933d26f371a1d9956dcd6a045c719a91159c8b8d5e976](https://etherscan.io/tx/0x07ff03aac60a3749cb5933d26f371a1d9956dcd6a045c719a91159c8b8d5e976), implementations: [0x2a6DD4433ffa96dc1755814FC0d9cc83A5F68DeC](https://etherscan.io/address/0x2a6DD4433ffa96dc1755814FC0d9cc83A5F68DeC#code)

Facilitates L2 to L1 contract calls: Messages initiated from L2 (for example withdrawal messages) eventually resolve in execution on L1.
- Roles:
  - **admin**: ProxyAdmin; ultimately Conduit Multisig 1, EOA 1

Can be upgraded by: Conduit Multisig 1 with no delay, EOA 1 with no delay

Implementation used in: [AlienX](https://ethbeat.org/layer2s/projects/alienx#Outbox)

#### Inbox

Addresses: [0xE961Ef06c26D0f032F0298c97C41e648d3bb715a](https://etherscan.io/address/0xE961Ef06c26D0f032F0298c97C41e648d3bb715a#code), [0xf3830309BdfADcC7eEEF99C2EeA879D5fA6C756C](https://etherscan.io/address/0xf3830309BdfADcC7eEEF99C2EeA879D5fA6C756C#code) (Implementation (Upgradable)), [0x22010F5C4c106dfBaffec780196d2F691860Ff62](https://etherscan.io/address/0x22010F5C4c106dfBaffec780196d2F691860Ff62#code) (Admin)

**Past upgrades** (Count of upgrades: 1, Last upgrade: 1y 6mo ago, Avg upgrade interval: 1y 2mo)

- 2025-04-28 22:28 UTC, upgrade of [Inbox](https://etherscan.io/address/0xE961Ef06c26D0f032F0298c97C41e648d3bb715a#code): transaction [0x5adbb6f82d9025a1f43f2b84b97d65c1ee2790f1db392e95ad839d2df89fc059](https://etherscan.io/tx/0x5adbb6f82d9025a1f43f2b84b97d65c1ee2790f1db392e95ad839d2df89fc059), implementations: [0xf3830309BdfADcC7eEEF99C2EeA879D5fA6C756C](https://etherscan.io/address/0xf3830309BdfADcC7eEEF99C2EeA879D5fA6C756C#code) ([diff](https://disco.ethbeat.org/diff/eth:0x1162084C3C6575121146582Db5BE43189e8CEe6b/eth:0xf3830309BdfADcC7eEEF99C2EeA879D5fA6C756C))
- 2024-05-23 20:01 UTC, deployment of [Inbox](https://etherscan.io/address/0xE961Ef06c26D0f032F0298c97C41e648d3bb715a#code): transaction [0x07ff03aac60a3749cb5933d26f371a1d9956dcd6a045c719a91159c8b8d5e976](https://etherscan.io/tx/0x07ff03aac60a3749cb5933d26f371a1d9956dcd6a045c719a91159c8b8d5e976), implementations: [0x1162084C3C6575121146582Db5BE43189e8CEe6b](https://etherscan.io/address/0x1162084C3C6575121146582Db5BE43189e8CEe6b#code)

Facilitates sending L1 to L2 messages like depositing ETH, but does not escrow funds.
- Roles:
  - **admin**: ProxyAdmin; ultimately Conduit Multisig 1, EOA 1

Can be upgraded by: Conduit Multisig 1 with no delay, EOA 1 with no delay

#### OneStepProverHostIo

Addresses: [0x0003A96B27ce73505b43ea1b71a5aB06bec568C4](https://etherscan.io/address/0x0003A96B27ce73505b43ea1b71a5aB06bec568C4#code)

One of the modular contracts used for the last step of a fraud proof, which is simulated inside a WASM virtual machine.

Implementation used in: [SX Network](https://ethbeat.org/layer2s/projects/sxnetwork#OneStepProverHostIo)

#### OneStepProverMemory

Addresses: [0x1cD76B9C33b2e3b04D7B181399d492B3e49AD7fB](https://etherscan.io/address/0x1cD76B9C33b2e3b04D7B181399d492B3e49AD7fB#code)

One of the modular contracts used for the last step of a fraud proof, which is simulated inside a WASM virtual machine.

Implementation used in: [SX Network](https://ethbeat.org/layer2s/projects/sxnetwork#OneStepProverMemory)

#### ProxyAdmin

Addresses: [0x22010F5C4c106dfBaffec780196d2F691860Ff62](https://etherscan.io/address/0x22010F5C4c106dfBaffec780196d2F691860Ff62#code)

- Roles:
  - **owner**: UpgradeExecutor

#### ValidatorUtils

Addresses: [0x2b0E04Dc90e3fA58165CB41E2834B44A56E766aF](https://etherscan.io/address/0x2b0E04Dc90e3fA58165CB41E2834B44A56E766aF#code)

This contract implements view only utilities for validators.

Implementation used in: [AlienX](https://ethbeat.org/layer2s/projects/alienx#ValidatorUtils), [SX Network](https://ethbeat.org/layer2s/projects/sxnetwork#ValidatorUtils)

#### OneStepProver0

Addresses: [0x2dCCAbE89cF76132619a9B18e9F9e48E837222b5](https://etherscan.io/address/0x2dCCAbE89cF76132619a9B18e9F9e48E837222b5#code)

One of the modular contracts used for the last step of a fraud proof, which is simulated inside a WASM virtual machine.

Implementation used in: [SX Network](https://ethbeat.org/layer2s/projects/sxnetwork#OneStepProver0)

#### RollupEventInbox

Addresses: [0x6c8faa6b06d4bDD5Af628ac28954736a0fC0BD6b](https://etherscan.io/address/0x6c8faa6b06d4bDD5Af628ac28954736a0fC0BD6b#code), [0x13BE515E44Eefaf3eBEFAD684F1FBB574Ac0A494](https://etherscan.io/address/0x13BE515E44Eefaf3eBEFAD684F1FBB574Ac0A494#code) (Implementation (Upgradable)), [0x22010F5C4c106dfBaffec780196d2F691860Ff62](https://etherscan.io/address/0x22010F5C4c106dfBaffec780196d2F691860Ff62#code) (Admin)

**Past upgrades** (Count of upgrades: No upgrades, Last upgrade: N/A, Avg upgrade interval: N/A)

- 2024-05-23 20:01 UTC, deployment of [RollupEventInbox](https://etherscan.io/address/0x6c8faa6b06d4bDD5Af628ac28954736a0fC0BD6b#code): transaction [0x07ff03aac60a3749cb5933d26f371a1d9956dcd6a045c719a91159c8b8d5e976](https://etherscan.io/tx/0x07ff03aac60a3749cb5933d26f371a1d9956dcd6a045c719a91159c8b8d5e976), implementations: [0x13BE515E44Eefaf3eBEFAD684F1FBB574Ac0A494](https://etherscan.io/address/0x13BE515E44Eefaf3eBEFAD684F1FBB574Ac0A494#code)

Helper contract sending configuration data over the bridge during the systems initialization.
- Roles:
  - **admin**: ProxyAdmin; ultimately Conduit Multisig 1, EOA 1

Can be upgraded by: Conduit Multisig 1 with no delay, EOA 1 with no delay

Implementation used in: [AlienX](https://ethbeat.org/layer2s/projects/alienx#RollupEventInbox)

#### OneStepProofEntry

Addresses: [0x8Faa21891B0b928afEbd5314D1D313f8f7B34DaC](https://etherscan.io/address/0x8Faa21891B0b928afEbd5314D1D313f8f7B34DaC#code)

One of the modular contracts used for the last step of a fraud proof, which is simulated inside a WASM virtual machine.

Implementation used in: [SX Network](https://ethbeat.org/layer2s/projects/sxnetwork#OneStepProofEntry)

#### OneStepProverMath

Addresses: [0xCf4b98cFF2976E4eb579B9498f398b5bd279A6eD](https://etherscan.io/address/0xCf4b98cFF2976E4eb579B9498f398b5bd279A6eD#code)

One of the modular contracts used for the last step of a fraud proof, which is simulated inside a WASM virtual machine.

Implementation used in: [SX Network](https://ethbeat.org/layer2s/projects/sxnetwork#OneStepProverMath)

The current deployment carries some associated risks:

- Funds can be stolen if a contract receives a malicious code upgrade. There is no delay on code upgrades (CRITICAL).

### Program Hashes

#### ArbOS wasmModuleRoot v40

A commitment to the exact WASM binary version used for Orbit stack optimistic dispute games.

- Hash: `0xdb698a2576298f25448bc092e52cf13b1e24141c997135d70f217d674bbeb69a`
- Repository: https://github.com/OffchainLabs/nitro/tree/consensus-v40/arbos
- Verification: successful
- Used in: [Capx](https://ethbeat.org/layer2s/projects/capx), [Xai](https://ethbeat.org/layer2s/projects/xai), [Everclear Hub](https://ethbeat.org/layer2s/projects/everclear), [Aleph Zero EVM](https://ethbeat.org/layer2s/projects/aleph-zero), [Muster](https://ethbeat.org/layer2s/projects/muster), [Game7](https://ethbeat.org/layer2s/projects/g7), [XCHAIN](https://ethbeat.org/layer2s/projects/xchain), [WINR](https://ethbeat.org/layer2s/projects/winr), [Fluence](https://ethbeat.org/layer2s/projects/fluence), [Proof of Play Apex](https://ethbeat.org/layer2s/projects/popapex), [Proof of Play Boss](https://ethbeat.org/layer2s/projects/popboss), [PlayBlock](https://ethbeat.org/layer2s/projects/playblock)

##### Verification steps

ETHBEAT team was able to independently regenerate this program hash. However currently the following steps for hash regeneration produce an error, so the process could not be independently verified.

1. Install docker [https://docs.docker.com/get-started/get-docker/](https://docs.docker.com/get-started/get-docker/).
2. Checkout the correct branch in [nitro](https://github.com/OffchainLabs/nitro) repo: `git checkout consensus-v40` . Commit hash should be `37ae61f20f8efdbc7e2f6af7f21c309bc09086a1`.
3. Update git submodules `git submodule update --init --recursive --force`.
4. Generate wasm module root in docker: `docker buildx build --target nitro-node-dev -t nitro-node-dev .`. Currently this step fails with an error.
5. Export the value from the docker: `docker run --rm --entrypoint cat nitro-node-dev /home/user/target/machines/latest/module-root.txt`.