# RSS3 Value Sublayer

Markdown version of https://ethbeat.org/layer2s/projects/rss3

## Summary

**Warning:** This project is archived and no longer maintained.

**Warning:** RSS3 is retiring the Value Sublayer (VSL) and migrating to Ethereum. The L2 halted on April 24, 2026 and VSL bridge withdrawals have been paused. Previously-initiated withdrawals will be completed as part of the migration; $RSS3 on VSL will be migrated to Ethereum via a claim portal expected in the coming weeks ($POWER converts to $RSS3 at 23:1). See [the official announcement](https://rss3.io/blog/the-next-stage-of-rss3.html).

**Warning:** Why is the project listed in others? The proof system isn't fully functional. Consequence: projects without a proper proof system fully rely on single entities to safely update the state. A malicious proposer can finalize an invalid state, which can cause loss of funds. There is no data availability bridge. Consequence: projects without a data availability bridge fully rely on single entities (the sequencer) to honestly rely available data roots on Ethereum. A malicious sequencer can collude with the proposer to finalize an unavailable state, which can cause loss of funds. Learn more about the [recategorisation](https://medium.com/l2beat/framework-update-l2-projects-recategorisation-5d43b0d1fe50).

- Total Value Secured: $0.00 (0.00% compared to seven days ago; canonically bridged $0.00, natively minted $0.00, externally bridged $0.00; 0.00% with additional trust assumptions compared to the tokens involved and the Stage assigned to the project's canonical messaging bridge)
- TVS by asset: No data
- Past day UOPS: No data
- Gas token: ETH
- Type: Other
- Purposes: Universal, AI, Information
- Host chain: Ethereum
- Chain ID: 12553

### Risks

- Sequencer failure: Self sequence (12h delay; sentiment: good)
- State validation: None (7d challenge period; sentiment: bad)
- Data availability: External (sentiment: bad)
- Exit window: None (sentiment: bad)
- Proposer failure: Cannot withdraw (sentiment: bad)

### About

The RSS3 Value Sublayer (VSL), part of the RSS3 Network, is an Ethereum scaling project built with OP Stack, handling the value and ownership of AI and Open Information.

### Links

- Website: https://rss3.io
- Bridge: https://explorer.rss3.io/bridge, https://explorer.rss3.io/nodes, https://explorer.rss3.io/epochs, https://explorer.rss3.io/dsl-scan
- Docs: https://docs.rss3.io
- Explorer: https://explorer.rss3.io, https://scan.rss3.io
- Repository: https://github.com/rss3-network
- Social: https://twitter.com/rss3_, https://discord.com/invite/euq4xyGPsU, https://t.me/rss3_en
- Contracts explorer (Disco): https://disco.ethbeat.org/ui/p/rss3

### Badges

- EVM: This project uses the Ethereum Virtual Machine to run its smart contracts and supports the Solidity programming language
- NearDA: This project is posting its data to NearDA
- Built on OP Stack: The project is built on the OP Stack

## Value Secured

The interactive TVS charts are shown on [the HTML page](https://ethbeat.org/layer2s/projects/rss3#tvs).

Token by token: [TVS breakdown](https://ethbeat.org/layer2s/projects/rss3/tvs-breakdown).

- [TVS chart (JSON)](https://ethbeat.org/api/scaling/tvs/rss3?range=max)
- [TVS breakdown by token (JSON)](https://ethbeat.org/api/scaling/tvs/rss3/breakdown)

## Activity

The interactive activity chart is shown on [the HTML page](https://ethbeat.org/layer2s/projects/rss3#activity).

- [Activity chart (JSON)](https://ethbeat.org/api/scaling/activity/rss3?range=max)

## Onchain costs

The section shows the operating costs that L2s pay to Ethereum.

The interactive costs chart is shown on [the HTML page](https://ethbeat.org/layer2s/projects/rss3#onchain-costs).

### Tracked transactions

#### Batch submissions

- transfer: 2024-03-08 00:41 UTC - now; currently used; from: [0xC180574374b8FdE9C5b40E0d5D34946b228b7316](https://etherscan.io/address/0xC180574374b8FdE9C5b40E0d5D34946b228b7316); to: [0xfFFF000000000000000000000000000000012553](https://etherscan.io/address/0xfFFF000000000000000000000000000000012553)

#### State updates

- functionCall: 2024-03-08 01:05 UTC - now; currently used; address: [0xE6f24d2C32B3109B18ed33cF08eFb490b1e09C10](https://etherscan.io/address/0xE6f24d2C32B3109B18ed33cF08eFb490b1e09C10); selector: 0x9aaab648; signature: `function proposeL2Output(bytes32 _outputRoot, uint256 _l2BlockNumber, bytes32 _l1Blockhash, uint256 _l1BlockNumber)`

## Liveness

This section shows how "live" the project's operators are by displaying how frequently they submit transactions of the selected type. It also highlights anomalies - significant deviations from their typical schedule.

The interactive liveness chart is shown on [the HTML page](https://ethbeat.org/layer2s/projects/rss3#liveness).

### Tracked transactions

#### Batch submissions

- transfer: 2024-03-08 00:41 UTC - now; currently used; from: [0xC180574374b8FdE9C5b40E0d5D34946b228b7316](https://etherscan.io/address/0xC180574374b8FdE9C5b40E0d5D34946b228b7316); to: [0xfFFF000000000000000000000000000000012553](https://etherscan.io/address/0xfFFF000000000000000000000000000000012553)

#### State updates

- functionCall: 2024-03-08 01:05 UTC - now; currently used; address: [0xE6f24d2C32B3109B18ed33cF08eFb490b1e09C10](https://etherscan.io/address/0xE6f24d2C32B3109B18ed33cF08eFb490b1e09C10); selector: 0x9aaab648; signature: `function proposeL2Output(bytes32 _outputRoot, uint256 _l2BlockNumber, bytes32 _l1Blockhash, uint256 _l1BlockNumber)`

## Milestones & Incidents

- 2026-04-24 (incident): [RSS3 VSL migration to Ethereum](https://rss3.io/blog/the-next-stage-of-rss3.html). RSS3 retires VSL: L2 halted, bridge withdrawals paused, $RSS3 migrates to Ethereum via portal.
- 2024-05-07: [RSS3 starts using NearDA](https://x.com/rss3_/status/1788183577219436985). RSS3 Network starts publishing data to NearDA.
- 2024-03-12: [RSS3 Mainnet Alpha Launch](https://x.com/rss3_/status/1767370007275851789). RSS3 Network Mainnet Alpha is live.

## Risk summary

**Warning:** Fraud proof system is currently under development. Users need to trust the block proposer to submit correct L1 state roots.

### Funds can be stolen if

1. a contract receives a malicious code upgrade. There is no delay on code upgrades (CRITICAL),
2. an invalid state root is submitted to the system (CRITICAL).

### Funds can be lost if

3. the data is not made available on the external provider (CRITICAL),
4. the sequencer posts an unavailable or malicious transaction root (CRITICAL).

### Funds can be frozen if

5. the centralized validator goes down. Users cannot produce blocks themselves and exiting the system requires new block production (CRITICAL).

### MEV can be extracted if

6. the operator exploits their centralized position and frontruns user transactions.

## Risk analysis

**Warning:** RSS3 is retiring the Value Sublayer (VSL) and migrating to Ethereum. The L2 halted on April 24, 2026 and VSL bridge withdrawals have been paused. Previously-initiated withdrawals will be completed as part of the migration; $RSS3 on VSL will be migrated to Ethereum via a claim portal expected in the coming weeks ($POWER converts to $RSS3 at 23:1). See [the official announcement](https://rss3.io/blog/the-next-stage-of-rss3.html).

**Warning:** Fraud proof system is currently under development. Users need to trust the block proposer to submit correct L1 state roots.

### Sequencer failure

Self sequence (12h delay; sentiment: good)

In the event of a sequencer failure, users can force transactions to be included in the project's chain by sending them to L1. There can be up to a 12h delay on this operation.

### State validation

None (7d challenge period; sentiment: bad)

Currently the system permits invalid state roots. More details in project overview.

### Data availability

External (sentiment: bad)

Proof construction and state derivation rely fully on data that is NOT published on chain.

### Exit window

None (sentiment: bad)

There is no window for users to exit in case of an unwanted upgrade since contracts are instantly upgradable.

### Proposer failure

Cannot withdraw (sentiment: bad)

Only the whitelisted proposers can publish state roots on L1, so in the event of failure the withdrawals are frozen.

## Stage

RSS3 Value Sublayer is not even a Stage 0 project.

**The project does not pass the walkaway test**: users are not able to exit in the presence of malicious operators if the Security Council disappears.

**Warning:** There is no available node software that can reconstruct L2 state transitions from available DA, so this system cannot be independently verified.

### Stage 0

2 issues need fixing.

- Met: The project self-identifies as a Validium or Optimium.
- Met: State roots are posted to Ethereum L1.
- Issue: The proof system is still under development.
- Issue: No source-available node exists that can reconstruct the L2 state from the DA layer.

### Stage 1

3 issues need fixing.

**Principle**

- Issue: Compromising ≥75% of the Security Council to push a malicious upgrade, or sequencer+DA-committee collusion to withhold data and finalize invalid state roots, should be the only ways (other than bugs) to steal funds or block withdrawals indefinitely.

**Guidelines**

- Issue: Users' withdrawals can be censored by the permissioned operators.
- Issue: Upgrades executed by actors with more centralized control than a Security Council provide less than 7d for users to exit if the permissioned operator is down or censoring.

[Learn more about Stages](https://ethbeat.org/stages).

Please keep in mind that these stages do not reflect project security, this is an opinionated assessment of project maturity based on subjective criteria, created with a goal of incentivizing projects to push toward better decentralization. Each team may have taken different paths to achieve this goal.

## Data availability

### Data required to compute fraud proof is not published on chain, and currently not publicly accessible

Transaction data is submitted to a blob store contract on NearDA. Only hashes of blob data is published on an onchain inbox.

**Risks**

- Funds can be lost if the data is not made available on the external provider (CRITICAL).
- Funds can be lost if the sequencer posts an unavailable or malicious transaction root (CRITICAL).

**References**

- [REP-20 - Data Availability Layer Integration](https://github.com/RSS3-Network/REPs/blob/main/REPs/REP-20.md)
- [RSS3 NearDA blob store contract](https://nearblocks.io/address/vsl-da.near)
- [On-Chain Inbox](https://etherscan.io/address/0xfFFF000000000000000000000000000000012553)
- [Derivation: Batch submission - OP Mainnet specs](https://github.com/ethereum-optimism/specs/blob/main/specs/protocol/derivation.md#batch-submission)
- [BatchInbox - address](https://etherscan.io/address/0xfFFF000000000000000000000000000000012553#code)
- [OptimismPortal.sol - source code, depositTransaction function](https://etherscan.io/address/0x491825c073DaE5b31b0AAE4c01f2EBEa254c838b#code)

## State validation

### No state validation

OP Stack projects can use the OP fault proof system, already being deployed on some. This project though is not using fault proofs yet and is relying on the honesty of the permissioned Proposer and Challengers to ensure state correctness. The smart contract system permits invalid state roots.

**Risks**

- Funds can be stolen if an invalid state root is submitted to the system (CRITICAL).

**References**

- [L2OutputOracle.sol - source code, deleteL2Outputs function](https://etherscan.io/address/0xc451292a72a4bA2B34c4295c7Df58cE7d45F5d30#code)

## Upgrades & Governance

### Past upgrades

The metrics include upgrades on the currently used proxy contracts. Historical proxy contracts and changes of such are not included.

- Count of upgrades: 2
- Last upgrade: 1y ago
- Avg upgrade interval: 1y 4mo

- 2025-10-09 08:59 UTC, upgrade of [L2OutputOracle](https://etherscan.io/address/0xE6f24d2C32B3109B18ed33cF08eFb490b1e09C10#code): transaction [0xef115941c77982c1142c03cdc3e41e8060a6c169d64deadd1d4eee73248cd353](https://etherscan.io/tx/0xef115941c77982c1142c03cdc3e41e8060a6c169d64deadd1d4eee73248cd353), implementations: [0xc451292a72a4bA2B34c4295c7Df58cE7d45F5d30](https://etherscan.io/address/0xc451292a72a4bA2B34c4295c7Df58cE7d45F5d30#code) ([diff](https://disco.ethbeat.org/diff/eth:0x5Fe6BFbb2C2c78c0baF0bFbb86420903E2E9f8a5/eth:0xc451292a72a4bA2B34c4295c7Df58cE7d45F5d30))
- 2024-10-22 16:54 UTC, upgrade of [OptimismPortal](https://etherscan.io/address/0x6A12432491bbbE8d3babf75F759766774C778Db4#code): transaction [0x8a4278f30ca52243ebf1afe80f5ec3edcb73f34f9e826f8523c30029bbd7fbd8](https://etherscan.io/tx/0x8a4278f30ca52243ebf1afe80f5ec3edcb73f34f9e826f8523c30029bbd7fbd8), implementations: [0x491825c073DaE5b31b0AAE4c01f2EBEa254c838b](https://etherscan.io/address/0x491825c073DaE5b31b0AAE4c01f2EBEa254c838b#code) ([diff](https://disco.ethbeat.org/diff/eth:0xc5b17F1DF579D033DB17174B837fe4D2dF05b050/eth:0x491825c073DaE5b31b0AAE4c01f2EBEa254c838b))
- 2024-03-08 01:05 UTC, deployment of [L2OutputOracle](https://etherscan.io/address/0xE6f24d2C32B3109B18ed33cF08eFb490b1e09C10#code): transaction [0x6c9969133e045a979b80cc57267cc027df208d64ee71ab146a31855f74cdd96a](https://etherscan.io/tx/0x6c9969133e045a979b80cc57267cc027df208d64ee71ab146a31855f74cdd96a), implementations: [0x5Fe6BFbb2C2c78c0baF0bFbb86420903E2E9f8a5](https://etherscan.io/address/0x5Fe6BFbb2C2c78c0baF0bFbb86420903E2E9f8a5#code)
- 2024-03-08 01:05 UTC, deployment of [OptimismPortal](https://etherscan.io/address/0x6A12432491bbbE8d3babf75F759766774C778Db4#code): transaction [0xf0bc6764b37887769bf86c0f3a552202882bfc8ebc494878e036138bc6484b22](https://etherscan.io/tx/0xf0bc6764b37887769bf86c0f3a552202882bfc8ebc494878e036138bc6484b22), implementations: [0xc5b17F1DF579D033DB17174B837fe4D2dF05b050](https://etherscan.io/address/0xc5b17F1DF579D033DB17174B837fe4D2dF05b050#code)
- 2024-03-08 01:05 UTC, deployment of [L1CrossDomainMessenger](https://etherscan.io/address/0x892CAa506c86C5101f5eC11C6f09589c9dC8A85C#code): transaction [0x5b27c6bfac512f2eaa0dfd5a8b96d5a95243705975b6017939c838071cae4e26](https://etherscan.io/tx/0x5b27c6bfac512f2eaa0dfd5a8b96d5a95243705975b6017939c838071cae4e26), implementations: [0x4795EaC1a2581F2Db6419203D063711C5a90aD50](https://etherscan.io/address/0x4795EaC1a2581F2Db6419203D063711C5a90aD50#code)
- 2024-03-08 01:05 UTC, deployment of [SystemConfig](https://etherscan.io/address/0x80e73D6BfC73c567032304C3891a06c2d9954d09#code): transaction [0xd8bea06bed1d49c24253b1cf0b680af657da740b5e5be30b48c35b3753f1b15f](https://etherscan.io/tx/0xd8bea06bed1d49c24253b1cf0b680af657da740b5e5be30b48c35b3753f1b15f), implementations: [0x164883d49DaEe18b3D621A24560D9bcD19Ad5407](https://etherscan.io/address/0x164883d49DaEe18b3D621A24560D9bcD19Ad5407#code)
- 2024-03-08 01:05 UTC, deployment of [L1ERC721Bridge](https://etherscan.io/address/0x938D0Bb4B584d4F6f793fCB7808cA2Eea15B69A8#code): transaction [0x19166ad5b28fd3ead0aa0e6d50ece2863f9956e382900f3ac3e9237b9c7dc4d2](https://etherscan.io/tx/0x19166ad5b28fd3ead0aa0e6d50ece2863f9956e382900f3ac3e9237b9c7dc4d2), implementations: [0xf3EF9B6eE32366A625d84910c53eB20024043A70](https://etherscan.io/address/0xf3EF9B6eE32366A625d84910c53eB20024043A70#code)
- 2024-03-08 01:05 UTC, deployment of [OptimismMintableERC20Factory](https://etherscan.io/address/0x1D89222C28C3ba471be822203998f27Df4727C0b#code): transaction [0x3fba5f65d3277137204676386e5de332c424ca77b663db18217208a5bf51c9b8](https://etherscan.io/tx/0x3fba5f65d3277137204676386e5de332c424ca77b663db18217208a5bf51c9b8), implementations: [0xa5a46DAaDAF1b2ae96F6FE85Ae81470126967A0E](https://etherscan.io/address/0xa5a46DAaDAF1b2ae96F6FE85Ae81470126967A0E#code)
- 2024-03-08 01:05 UTC, deployment of [SuperchainConfig](https://etherscan.io/address/0x3e5FaB39eD4eFB4fc29A5201059AE819f2f0418A#code): transaction [0x2b732497bbc3e54e9219dc92d12733c4b3458a5e14e627ee66cd7a399cb10efc](https://etherscan.io/tx/0x2b732497bbc3e54e9219dc92d12733c4b3458a5e14e627ee66cd7a399cb10efc), implementations: [0x314774a6Cfc3838E5a5a1DE3723EEa995aAD4e8f](https://etherscan.io/address/0x314774a6Cfc3838E5a5a1DE3723EEa995aAD4e8f#code)

## Updates

Each date links the update on the HTML page, which also shows its contract diffs.

### [2026-04-27 14:37 UTC](https://ethbeat.org/layer2s/projects/rss3?update=73f38b8f) (high severity, 12 changes)

**RSS3 has [announced the retirement of VSL](https://rss3.io/blog/the-next-stage-of-rss3.html) and is migrating to Ethereum.** On 2026-04-24 the L2 stopped producing blocks (last VSL block at 08:59 UTC), the L1 sequencer inbox went silent (last batch at 05:24 UTC), and the batcher EOA was swept to the RSS3 Multisig. VSL bridge withdrawals are paused; pending withdrawals will be completed as part of the migration and $RSS3 on VSL will be claimable on Ethereum via a portal in the coming weeks. Added a `redWarning` and incident milestone on the project.

**L1StandardBridge — operator sweep added and used** (on-chain upgrade, new implementation `0x12665984...` deployed 2026-04-17 and activated before the halt). The new impl sets `operator = RSS3Multisig (0x8AC80fa0)` and exposes an operator-only `sweep(token, to, amount)` that transfers any ERC-20 held by the bridge to an arbitrary address with no withdrawal proof or delay. On 2026-04-22 06:29 UTC (block 24933678) the operator used this to move the full bridge escrow to the RSS3 Multisig in a single batched sweep: ~464,630,520 RSS3, 1,023 USDC, 284 USDT, and 0.84 WETH. Mirrors the pre-existing OptimismPortal `operator = WithdrawalOverwriterMultisig` (which can rewrite withdrawal calldata on finalization).

**SystemConfig modeling fix** (no on-chain upgrade — same impl `0x164883d4...` as before). With the L2 halted, the batcher's last 10 outgoing txs include 3 consolidation transfers into the RSS3 Multisig (one of 33.45 ETH), dropping its top-address ratio to 7/10 = 0.70. That trips the standard `opStackSequencerInbox` handler's 80% qualification threshold, which derives `sequencerInbox` from the batcher's tx pattern, so the field errored out. Fixed via a new `opstack/SystemConfig_rss3` template variant (scoped to RSS3's SystemConfig via `validAddresses`) that hardcodes `sequencerInbox` to `0xfFFF...12553` — the pre-halt discovered value, matching RSS3's chainId 12553 under the standard OP Stack predeploy convention and consistent with 47/50 (94%) of the batcher's outgoing txs over a 50-tx window going to that address.

L1StandardBridge: [diff](https://disco.l2beat.com/diff/eth:0xE27083804bFf17Ec05f4300a43b7c40F3E01e486/eth:0x12665984Ba38943C74D8504d4E8a41a96dE25E83)

### [2025-10-12 22:13 UTC](https://ethbeat.org/layer2s/projects/rss3?update=a7f94f97) (high severity, 8 changes)

Changed batcher and proposer.

L2OutputOracle — same code, implementation upgraded to change PROPOSER
https://disco.l2beat.com/diff/eth:0x5Fe6BFbb2C2c78c0baF0bFbb86420903E2E9f8a5/eth:0xc451292a72a4bA2B34c4295c7Df58cE7d45F5d30

### [2025-07-14 12:46 UTC](https://ethbeat.org/layer2s/projects/rss3?update=19dda063) (12 changes)

Discovery rerun on the same block number with only config-related changes.

### [2024-10-23 09:07 UTC](https://ethbeat.org/layer2s/projects/rss3?update=75c2a0b6) (high severity, 13 changes)

OptimismPortal upgrade: An 'operator' address is introduced that can call a new `finalizeWithdrawalTransaction()` with additional arbitrary calldata that then replaces the calldata of the transaction being finalized. This allows arbitrary rerouting of funds or using legitimate withdrawals to make arbitrary (malicious) calls.

### [2024-03-28 10:04 UTC](https://ethbeat.org/layer2s/projects/rss3?update=0c626d94) (11 changes)

Provide description of changes. This section will be preserved.

## Operator

### The system has a centralized operator

The operator is the only entity that can propose blocks. A live and trustworthy operator is vital to the health of the system.

**Risks**

- MEV can be extracted if the operator exploits their centralized position and frontruns user transactions.

**References**

- [L2OutputOracle.sol - source code, CHALLENGER address](https://etherscan.io/address/0xc451292a72a4bA2B34c4295c7Df58cE7d45F5d30#code)
- [L2OutputOracle.sol - source code, PROPOSER address](https://etherscan.io/address/0xc451292a72a4bA2B34c4295c7Df58cE7d45F5d30#code)

### Users can force any transaction

Because the state of the system is based on transactions submitted on the underlying host chain and anyone can submit their transactions there it allows the users to circumvent censorship by interacting with the smart contract on the host chain directly.

**References**

- [Sequencing Window - OP Mainnet Specs](https://github.com/ethereum-optimism/optimism/blob/51eeb76efeb32b3df3e978f311188aa29f5e3e94/specs/glossary.md#sequencing-window)
- [OptimismPortal.sol - source code, depositTransaction function](https://etherscan.io/address/0x491825c073DaE5b31b0AAE4c01f2EBEa254c838b#code)

## Withdrawals

### Regular messaging

The user initiates L2->L1 messages by submitting a regular transaction on this chain. When the block containing that transaction is settled, the message becomes available for processing on L1. The process of block finalization takes a challenge period of 7d to complete.

**Risks**

- Funds can be frozen if the centralized validator goes down. Users cannot produce blocks themselves and exiting the system requires new block production (CRITICAL).

**References**

- [OptimismPortal.sol - source code, proveWithdrawalTransaction function](https://etherscan.io/address/0x491825c073DaE5b31b0AAE4c01f2EBEa254c838b#code)
- [OptimismPortal.sol - source code, finalizeWithdrawalTransaction function](https://etherscan.io/address/0x491825c073DaE5b31b0AAE4c01f2EBEa254c838b#code)
- [L2OutputOracle.sol - source code, PROPOSER check](https://etherscan.io/address/0xc451292a72a4bA2B34c4295c7Df58cE7d45F5d30#code)

### Forced messaging

If the user experiences censorship from the operator with regular L2->L1 messaging they can submit their messages directly on L1. The system is then obliged to service this request or halt all messages, including forced withdrawals from L1 and regular messages initiated on L2. Once the force operation is submitted and if the request is serviced, the operation follows the flow of a regular message.

**References**

- [Forced withdrawal from an OP Stack blockchain](https://docs.optimism.io/stack/transactions/forced-transaction)

## Other considerations

### EVM compatible smart contracts are supported

OP stack chains are pursuing the EVM Equivalence model. No changes to smart contracts are required regardless of the language they are written in, i.e. anything deployed on L1 can be deployed on L2.

**References**

- [Introducing EVM Equivalence](https://medium.com/ethereum-optimism/introducing-evm-equivalence-5c2021deb306)

## Permissions

Explore these contracts and permissions in Disco, ETHBEAT's contract explorer: https://disco.ethbeat.org/ui/p/rss3

### Ethereum

#### Actors

##### RSS3Multisig

Addresses: [0x8AC80fa0993D95C9d6B8Cb494E561E6731038941](https://etherscan.io/address/0x8AC80fa0993D95C9d6B8Cb494E561E6731038941)

A Multisig with 3/5 threshold.
- Can upgrade **with no delay**
  - OptimismMintableERC20Factory [via: ProxyAdmin]
  - SuperchainConfig [via: ProxyAdmin]
  - L1StandardBridge [via: ProxyAdmin]
  - OptimismPortal [via: ProxyAdmin]
  - SystemConfig [via: ProxyAdmin]
  - L1CrossDomainMessenger [via: ProxyAdmin]
  - L1ERC721Bridge [via: ProxyAdmin]
  - L2OutputOracle [via: ProxyAdmin]
- Can interact with L1StandardBridge
  - can call sweep(token, to, amount) to transfer any ERC-20 held by the L1StandardBridge to an arbitrary address — the mechanism RSS3 is using to move bridge escrow during the VSL → Ethereum migration
- Can interact with AddressManager
  - set and change address mappings [via: ProxyAdmin]

Participants (5): [0xc06d32F7C20f100C7b8657dE2b24f201A46BC3DD](https://etherscan.io/address/0xc06d32F7C20f100C7b8657dE2b24f201A46BC3DD), [0xEE52b76e6A9F6eA669F8A99bb63b113819cDCbEF](https://etherscan.io/address/0xEE52b76e6A9F6eA669F8A99bb63b113819cDCbEF), [0x70f8b7f14eA00209A70a926134B86E5eb9f4317f](https://etherscan.io/address/0x70f8b7f14eA00209A70a926134B86E5eb9f4317f), [0xf877475092Dc23AD9d367B27D48645d56564D310](https://etherscan.io/address/0xf877475092Dc23AD9d367B27D48645d56564D310), [0xF209b7Bbadf8d9518a822aEaa7119B38b17377A7](https://etherscan.io/address/0xF209b7Bbadf8d9518a822aEaa7119B38b17377A7)

##### WithdrawalOverwriterMultisig

Addresses: [0xC4f81F990b47c12144e74A901162A2cFDf4b5a9d](https://etherscan.io/address/0xC4f81F990b47c12144e74A901162A2cFDf4b5a9d)

A Multisig with 3/5 threshold.
- Can interact with OptimismPortal
  - can overwrite the calldata of any withdrawals in the OptimismPortal on finalization, potentially stealing the withdrawn funds or calling arbitrary contracts

Participants (5): [0xF209b7Bbadf8d9518a822aEaa7119B38b17377A7](https://etherscan.io/address/0xF209b7Bbadf8d9518a822aEaa7119B38b17377A7), [0xf877475092Dc23AD9d367B27D48645d56564D310](https://etherscan.io/address/0xf877475092Dc23AD9d367B27D48645d56564D310), [0xEE52b76e6A9F6eA669F8A99bb63b113819cDCbEF](https://etherscan.io/address/0xEE52b76e6A9F6eA669F8A99bb63b113819cDCbEF), [0x70f8b7f14eA00209A70a926134B86E5eb9f4317f](https://etherscan.io/address/0x70f8b7f14eA00209A70a926134B86E5eb9f4317f), [0xc06d32F7C20f100C7b8657dE2b24f201A46BC3DD](https://etherscan.io/address/0xc06d32F7C20f100C7b8657dE2b24f201A46BC3DD)

##### EOA 1

Addresses: [0xa5CB506D2de132006204183E2f1869575cA646Bd](https://etherscan.io/address/0xa5CB506D2de132006204183E2f1869575cA646Bd)

- Can interact with L2OutputOracle
  - Allowed to post new state roots of the current layer to the host chain

##### EOA 2

Addresses: [0xB5C248B428f9b2D8E8a03eE016760145b84098a9](https://etherscan.io/address/0xB5C248B428f9b2D8E8a03eE016760145b84098a9)

- Can interact with L2OutputOracle
  - Allowed to challenge or delete state roots proposed by a Proposer

##### EOA 3

Addresses: [0xC180574374b8FdE9C5b40E0d5D34946b228b7316](https://etherscan.io/address/0xC180574374b8FdE9C5b40E0d5D34946b228b7316)

- Can interact with SystemConfig
  - Allowed to commit transactions from the current layer to the host chain

##### EOA 4

Addresses: [0xC4878516C198a919566773797e24af20DfdE6272](https://etherscan.io/address/0xC4878516C198a919566773797e24af20DfdE6272)

- Can interact with SystemConfig
  - it can update the preconfer address, the batch submitter (Sequencer) address and the gas configuration of the system

##### EOA 5

Addresses: [0x7ef00577fAAa44D0491970D6516eB7b90EC3c80E](https://etherscan.io/address/0x7ef00577fAAa44D0491970D6516eB7b90EC3c80E)

- Can interact with SuperchainConfig
  - Allowed to pause withdrawals. In op stack systems with a proof system, the Guardian can also blacklist dispute games and set the respected game type (permissioned / permissionless)
- Can interact with OptimismPortal
  - Allowed to pause withdrawals. In op stack systems with a proof system, the Guardian can also blacklist dispute games and set the respected game type (permissioned / permissionless)

## Smart contracts

![A diagram of the smart contract architecture](https://ethbeat.org/static/images/architecture/opstack-optimium-superchain.7cf8cc96.png)

Explore these contracts and permissions in Disco, ETHBEAT's contract explorer: https://disco.ethbeat.org/ui/p/rss3

### Ethereum

#### SystemConfig

Addresses: [0x80e73D6BfC73c567032304C3891a06c2d9954d09](https://etherscan.io/address/0x80e73D6BfC73c567032304C3891a06c2d9954d09#code), [0x164883d49DaEe18b3D621A24560D9bcD19Ad5407](https://etherscan.io/address/0x164883d49DaEe18b3D621A24560D9bcD19Ad5407#code) (Implementation (Upgradable)), [0x1075B29e5F7a911128C77F3989702E150C988904](https://etherscan.io/address/0x1075B29e5F7a911128C77F3989702E150C988904#code) (Admin)

**Past upgrades** (Count of upgrades: No upgrades, Last upgrade: N/A, Avg upgrade interval: N/A)

- 2024-03-08 01:05 UTC, deployment of [SystemConfig](https://etherscan.io/address/0x80e73D6BfC73c567032304C3891a06c2d9954d09#code): transaction [0xd8bea06bed1d49c24253b1cf0b680af657da740b5e5be30b48c35b3753f1b15f](https://etherscan.io/tx/0xd8bea06bed1d49c24253b1cf0b680af657da740b5e5be30b48c35b3753f1b15f), implementations: [0x164883d49DaEe18b3D621A24560D9bcD19Ad5407](https://etherscan.io/address/0x164883d49DaEe18b3D621A24560D9bcD19Ad5407#code)

Contains configuration parameters such as the Sequencer address, gas limit on this chain and the unsafe block signer address.
- Roles:
  - **admin**: ProxyAdmin; ultimately RSS3Multisig
  - **batcherHash**: EOA 3
  - **owner**: EOA 4

Can be upgraded by: RSS3Multisig with no delay

#### L2OutputOracle

Addresses: [0xE6f24d2C32B3109B18ed33cF08eFb490b1e09C10](https://etherscan.io/address/0xE6f24d2C32B3109B18ed33cF08eFb490b1e09C10#code), [0xc451292a72a4bA2B34c4295c7Df58cE7d45F5d30](https://etherscan.io/address/0xc451292a72a4bA2B34c4295c7Df58cE7d45F5d30#code) (Implementation (Upgradable)), [0x1075B29e5F7a911128C77F3989702E150C988904](https://etherscan.io/address/0x1075B29e5F7a911128C77F3989702E150C988904#code) (Admin)

**Past upgrades** (Count of upgrades: 1, Last upgrade: 1y ago, Avg upgrade interval: 1y 4mo)

- 2025-10-09 08:59 UTC, upgrade of [L2OutputOracle](https://etherscan.io/address/0xE6f24d2C32B3109B18ed33cF08eFb490b1e09C10#code): transaction [0xef115941c77982c1142c03cdc3e41e8060a6c169d64deadd1d4eee73248cd353](https://etherscan.io/tx/0xef115941c77982c1142c03cdc3e41e8060a6c169d64deadd1d4eee73248cd353), implementations: [0xc451292a72a4bA2B34c4295c7Df58cE7d45F5d30](https://etherscan.io/address/0xc451292a72a4bA2B34c4295c7Df58cE7d45F5d30#code) ([diff](https://disco.ethbeat.org/diff/eth:0x5Fe6BFbb2C2c78c0baF0bFbb86420903E2E9f8a5/eth:0xc451292a72a4bA2B34c4295c7Df58cE7d45F5d30))
- 2024-03-08 01:05 UTC, deployment of [L2OutputOracle](https://etherscan.io/address/0xE6f24d2C32B3109B18ed33cF08eFb490b1e09C10#code): transaction [0x6c9969133e045a979b80cc57267cc027df208d64ee71ab146a31855f74cdd96a](https://etherscan.io/tx/0x6c9969133e045a979b80cc57267cc027df208d64ee71ab146a31855f74cdd96a), implementations: [0x5Fe6BFbb2C2c78c0baF0bFbb86420903E2E9f8a5](https://etherscan.io/address/0x5Fe6BFbb2C2c78c0baF0bFbb86420903E2E9f8a5#code)

Contains a list of proposed state roots which Proposers assert to be a result of block execution. Currently only the PROPOSER address can submit new state roots.
- Roles:
  - **admin**: ProxyAdmin; ultimately RSS3Multisig
  - **challenger**: EOA 2
  - **proposer**: EOA 1

Can be upgraded by: RSS3Multisig with no delay

#### SuperchainConfig

Addresses: [0x3e5FaB39eD4eFB4fc29A5201059AE819f2f0418A](https://etherscan.io/address/0x3e5FaB39eD4eFB4fc29A5201059AE819f2f0418A#code), [0x314774a6Cfc3838E5a5a1DE3723EEa995aAD4e8f](https://etherscan.io/address/0x314774a6Cfc3838E5a5a1DE3723EEa995aAD4e8f#code) (Implementation (Upgradable)), [0x1075B29e5F7a911128C77F3989702E150C988904](https://etherscan.io/address/0x1075B29e5F7a911128C77F3989702E150C988904#code) (Admin)

**Past upgrades** (Count of upgrades: No upgrades, Last upgrade: N/A, Avg upgrade interval: N/A)

- 2024-03-08 01:05 UTC, deployment of [SuperchainConfig](https://etherscan.io/address/0x3e5FaB39eD4eFB4fc29A5201059AE819f2f0418A#code): transaction [0x2b732497bbc3e54e9219dc92d12733c4b3458a5e14e627ee66cd7a399cb10efc](https://etherscan.io/tx/0x2b732497bbc3e54e9219dc92d12733c4b3458a5e14e627ee66cd7a399cb10efc), implementations: [0x314774a6Cfc3838E5a5a1DE3723EEa995aAD4e8f](https://etherscan.io/address/0x314774a6Cfc3838E5a5a1DE3723EEa995aAD4e8f#code)

This is NOT the shared SuperchainConfig contract of the OP stack Superchain but rather a local fork. It manages the `PAUSED_SLOT`, a boolean value indicating whether the local chain is paused, and `GUARDIAN_SLOT`, the address of the guardian which can pause and unpause the system.
- Roles:
  - **admin**: ProxyAdmin; ultimately RSS3Multisig
  - **guardian**: EOA 5

Can be upgraded by: RSS3Multisig with no delay

#### L1CrossDomainMessenger

Addresses: [0x892CAa506c86C5101f5eC11C6f09589c9dC8A85C](https://etherscan.io/address/0x892CAa506c86C5101f5eC11C6f09589c9dC8A85C#code), [0x4795EaC1a2581F2Db6419203D063711C5a90aD50](https://etherscan.io/address/0x4795EaC1a2581F2Db6419203D063711C5a90aD50#code) (Implementation (Upgradable)), [0x1075B29e5F7a911128C77F3989702E150C988904](https://etherscan.io/address/0x1075B29e5F7a911128C77F3989702E150C988904#code) (Admin)

**Past upgrades** (Count of upgrades: No upgrades, Last upgrade: N/A, Avg upgrade interval: N/A)

- 2024-03-08 01:05 UTC, deployment of [L1CrossDomainMessenger](https://etherscan.io/address/0x892CAa506c86C5101f5eC11C6f09589c9dC8A85C#code): transaction [0x5b27c6bfac512f2eaa0dfd5a8b96d5a95243705975b6017939c838071cae4e26](https://etherscan.io/tx/0x5b27c6bfac512f2eaa0dfd5a8b96d5a95243705975b6017939c838071cae4e26), implementations: [0x4795EaC1a2581F2Db6419203D063711C5a90aD50](https://etherscan.io/address/0x4795EaC1a2581F2Db6419203D063711C5a90aD50#code)

Sends messages from host chain to this chain, and relays messages back onto host chain. In the event that a message sent from host chain to this chain is rejected for exceeding this chain's epoch gas limit, it can be resubmitted via this contract's replay function.
- Roles:
  - **admin**: ProxyAdmin; ultimately RSS3Multisig

Can be upgraded by: RSS3Multisig with no delay

#### L1ERC721Bridge

Addresses: [0x938D0Bb4B584d4F6f793fCB7808cA2Eea15B69A8](https://etherscan.io/address/0x938D0Bb4B584d4F6f793fCB7808cA2Eea15B69A8#code), [0xf3EF9B6eE32366A625d84910c53eB20024043A70](https://etherscan.io/address/0xf3EF9B6eE32366A625d84910c53eB20024043A70#code) (Implementation (Upgradable)), [0x1075B29e5F7a911128C77F3989702E150C988904](https://etherscan.io/address/0x1075B29e5F7a911128C77F3989702E150C988904#code) (Admin)

**Past upgrades** (Count of upgrades: No upgrades, Last upgrade: N/A, Avg upgrade interval: N/A)

- 2024-03-08 01:05 UTC, deployment of [L1ERC721Bridge](https://etherscan.io/address/0x938D0Bb4B584d4F6f793fCB7808cA2Eea15B69A8#code): transaction [0x19166ad5b28fd3ead0aa0e6d50ece2863f9956e382900f3ac3e9237b9c7dc4d2](https://etherscan.io/tx/0x19166ad5b28fd3ead0aa0e6d50ece2863f9956e382900f3ac3e9237b9c7dc4d2), implementations: [0xf3EF9B6eE32366A625d84910c53eB20024043A70](https://etherscan.io/address/0xf3EF9B6eE32366A625d84910c53eB20024043A70#code)

Used to bridge ERC-721 tokens from host chain to this chain.
- Roles:
  - **admin**: ProxyAdmin; ultimately RSS3Multisig

Can be upgraded by: RSS3Multisig with no delay

#### ProxyAdmin

Addresses: [0x1075B29e5F7a911128C77F3989702E150C988904](https://etherscan.io/address/0x1075B29e5F7a911128C77F3989702E150C988904#code)

- Roles:
  - **owner**: RSS3Multisig

#### OptimismMintableERC20Factory

Addresses: [0x1D89222C28C3ba471be822203998f27Df4727C0b](https://etherscan.io/address/0x1D89222C28C3ba471be822203998f27Df4727C0b#code), [0xa5a46DAaDAF1b2ae96F6FE85Ae81470126967A0E](https://etherscan.io/address/0xa5a46DAaDAF1b2ae96F6FE85Ae81470126967A0E#code) (Implementation (Upgradable)), [0x1075B29e5F7a911128C77F3989702E150C988904](https://etherscan.io/address/0x1075B29e5F7a911128C77F3989702E150C988904#code) (Admin)

**Past upgrades** (Count of upgrades: No upgrades, Last upgrade: N/A, Avg upgrade interval: N/A)

- 2024-03-08 01:05 UTC, deployment of [OptimismMintableERC20Factory](https://etherscan.io/address/0x1D89222C28C3ba471be822203998f27Df4727C0b#code): transaction [0x3fba5f65d3277137204676386e5de332c424ca77b663db18217208a5bf51c9b8](https://etherscan.io/tx/0x3fba5f65d3277137204676386e5de332c424ca77b663db18217208a5bf51c9b8), implementations: [0xa5a46DAaDAF1b2ae96F6FE85Ae81470126967A0E](https://etherscan.io/address/0xa5a46DAaDAF1b2ae96F6FE85Ae81470126967A0E#code)

- Roles:
  - **admin**: ProxyAdmin; ultimately RSS3Multisig

Can be upgraded by: RSS3Multisig with no delay

#### L1StandardBridge (escrow)

Addresses: [0x4cbab69108Aa72151EDa5A3c164eA86845f18438](https://etherscan.io/address/0x4cbab69108Aa72151EDa5A3c164eA86845f18438#code), [0x12665984Ba38943C74D8504d4E8a41a96dE25E83](https://etherscan.io/address/0x12665984Ba38943C74D8504d4E8a41a96dE25E83#code) (Implementation (Upgradable)), [0x1075B29e5F7a911128C77F3989702E150C988904](https://etherscan.io/address/0x1075B29e5F7a911128C77F3989702E150C988904#code) (Admin)

The main entry point to deposit ERC20 tokens from host chain to this chain. RSS3 is retiring VSL: this fork of the L1StandardBridge adds an operator-only sweep(token, to, amount) that transfers any ERC-20 held by the bridge to an arbitrary address, with no withdrawal proof or delay.
- Roles:
  - **admin**: ProxyAdmin; ultimately RSS3Multisig
  - **operator**: RSS3Multisig

All supported tokens in this escrow are included in the value secured calculation.

Can be upgraded by: RSS3Multisig with no delay

#### OptimismPortal (escrow)

Addresses: [0x6A12432491bbbE8d3babf75F759766774C778Db4](https://etherscan.io/address/0x6A12432491bbbE8d3babf75F759766774C778Db4#code), [0x491825c073DaE5b31b0AAE4c01f2EBEa254c838b](https://etherscan.io/address/0x491825c073DaE5b31b0AAE4c01f2EBEa254c838b#code) (Implementation (Upgradable)), [0x1075B29e5F7a911128C77F3989702E150C988904](https://etherscan.io/address/0x1075B29e5F7a911128C77F3989702E150C988904#code) (Admin)

**Past upgrades** (Count of upgrades: 1, Last upgrade: 2y ago, Avg upgrade interval: 1y 4mo)

- 2024-10-22 16:54 UTC, upgrade of [OptimismPortal](https://etherscan.io/address/0x6A12432491bbbE8d3babf75F759766774C778Db4#code): transaction [0x8a4278f30ca52243ebf1afe80f5ec3edcb73f34f9e826f8523c30029bbd7fbd8](https://etherscan.io/tx/0x8a4278f30ca52243ebf1afe80f5ec3edcb73f34f9e826f8523c30029bbd7fbd8), implementations: [0x491825c073DaE5b31b0AAE4c01f2EBEa254c838b](https://etherscan.io/address/0x491825c073DaE5b31b0AAE4c01f2EBEa254c838b#code) ([diff](https://disco.ethbeat.org/diff/eth:0xc5b17F1DF579D033DB17174B837fe4D2dF05b050/eth:0x491825c073DaE5b31b0AAE4c01f2EBEa254c838b))
- 2024-03-08 01:05 UTC, deployment of [OptimismPortal](https://etherscan.io/address/0x6A12432491bbbE8d3babf75F759766774C778Db4#code): transaction [0xf0bc6764b37887769bf86c0f3a552202882bfc8ebc494878e036138bc6484b22](https://etherscan.io/tx/0xf0bc6764b37887769bf86c0f3a552202882bfc8ebc494878e036138bc6484b22), implementations: [0xc5b17F1DF579D033DB17174B837fe4D2dF05b050](https://etherscan.io/address/0xc5b17F1DF579D033DB17174B837fe4D2dF05b050#code)

The main entry point to deposit funds from host chain to this chain. It also allows to prove and finalize withdrawals. This fork of the OptimismPortal also allows an 'operator' address to overwrite the calldata of withdrawals on finalization, potentially stealing the withdrawn funds or calling arbitrary contracts.
- Roles:
  - **admin**: ProxyAdmin; ultimately RSS3Multisig
  - **guardian**: EOA 5
  - **operator**: WithdrawalOverwriterMultisig

The following tokens are included in the value secured calculation: ETH

Can be upgraded by: RSS3Multisig with no delay

The current deployment carries some associated risks:

- Funds can be stolen if a contract receives a malicious code upgrade. There is no delay on code upgrades (CRITICAL).