# Pepe Unchained

Markdown version of https://ethbeat.org/layer2s/projects/pepeunchained

## Summary

**Warning:** This project is archived and no longer maintained.

**Warning:** The project migrated from an OP Stack to an [Orbit chain](https://l2beat.com/scaling/projects/pepe-unchained). See [announcement](https://mirror.xyz/0x5d229f641ccA8c85F356a29A2b5D12587a216Fd2/CJvQFPuEG1eUZ8rhZLnAd2d1i5wdxuxnE0mLRxeEBhs) for details.

**Warning:** Why is the project listed in others? The proof system isn't fully functional. Consequence: projects without a proper proof system fully rely on single entities to safely update the state. A malicious proposer can finalize an invalid state, which can cause loss of funds. There is no data availability bridge. Consequence: projects without a data availability bridge fully rely on single entities (the sequencer) to honestly rely available data roots on Ethereum. A malicious sequencer can collude with the proposer to finalize an unavailable state, which can cause loss of funds. Learn more about the [recategorisation](https://medium.com/l2beat/framework-update-l2-projects-recategorisation-5d43b0d1fe50).

- Total Value Secured: $0.00 (0.00% compared to seven days ago; canonically bridged $0.00, natively minted $0.00, externally bridged $0.00; 0.00% with additional trust assumptions compared to the tokens involved and the Stage assigned to the project's canonical messaging bridge)
- TVS by asset: No data
- Past day UOPS: No data
- Gas token: ETH
- Type: Other
- Purpose: Universal
- Host chain: Ethereum
- Chain ID: 3409

### Risks

- Sequencer failure: Self sequence (12h delay; sentiment: good)
- State validation: None (1d challenge period; sentiment: bad)
- Data availability: External (sentiment: bad)
- Exit window: None (sentiment: bad)
- Proposer failure: Cannot withdraw (sentiment: bad)

### About

Pepe Unchained was an Optimium utilizing the OP Stack before the project migrated to an Orbit chain. It focused on memes and provided a home for meme creators, traders, and communities to thrive.

### Links

- Website: https://pepeunchained.com/
- Bridge: https://pepubridge.com/
- Docs: https://guide.pepeunchained.com/
- Explorer: https://pepuscan.com
- Social: https://x.com/pepe_unchained
- Contracts explorer (Disco): https://disco.ethbeat.org/ui/p/pepeunchained

### Badges

- EVM: This project uses the Ethereum Virtual Machine to run its smart contracts and supports the Solidity programming language
- Celestia: This project is posting its data to Celestia
- Built on OP Stack: The project is built on the OP Stack
- Conduit: This project was deployed via the rollup-as-a-service provider Conduit

## Value Secured

The interactive TVS charts are shown on [the HTML page](https://ethbeat.org/layer2s/projects/pepeunchained#tvs).

Token by token: [TVS breakdown](https://ethbeat.org/layer2s/projects/pepeunchained/tvs-breakdown).

- [TVS chart (JSON)](https://ethbeat.org/api/scaling/tvs/pepeunchained?range=max)
- [TVS breakdown by token (JSON)](https://ethbeat.org/api/scaling/tvs/pepeunchained/breakdown)

## Activity

The interactive activity chart is shown on [the HTML page](https://ethbeat.org/layer2s/projects/pepeunchained#activity).

- [Activity chart (JSON)](https://ethbeat.org/api/scaling/activity/pepeunchained?range=max)

## Onchain costs

The section shows the operating costs that L2s pay to Ethereum.

The interactive costs chart is shown on [the HTML page](https://ethbeat.org/layer2s/projects/pepeunchained#onchain-costs).

### Tracked transactions

#### Batch submissions

- transfer: 2024-12-02 09:45 UTC - now; currently used; from: [0x5c89b56bead2f99d41721f1D15442Fe813879587](https://etherscan.io/address/0x5c89b56bead2f99d41721f1D15442Fe813879587); to: [0x3276053cb5C0fEb1825678e6D9441ddc935FE12e](https://etherscan.io/address/0x3276053cb5C0fEb1825678e6D9441ddc935FE12e)

#### State updates

- functionCall: 2024-12-02 09:45 UTC - now; currently used; address: [0xb9c4EA7171b588e8D4c3F63e955Cd61e5172bb92](https://etherscan.io/address/0xb9c4EA7171b588e8D4c3F63e955Cd61e5172bb92); selector: 0x9aaab648; signature: `function proposeL2Output(bytes32 _outputRoot, uint256 _l2BlockNumber, bytes32 _l1Blockhash, uint256 _l1BlockNumber)`

## Liveness

This section shows how "live" the project's operators are by displaying how frequently they submit transactions of the selected type. It also highlights anomalies - significant deviations from their typical schedule.

The interactive liveness chart is shown on [the HTML page](https://ethbeat.org/layer2s/projects/pepeunchained#liveness).

### Tracked transactions

#### Batch submissions

- transfer: 2024-12-02 09:45 UTC - now; currently used; from: [0x5c89b56bead2f99d41721f1D15442Fe813879587](https://etherscan.io/address/0x5c89b56bead2f99d41721f1D15442Fe813879587); to: [0x3276053cb5C0fEb1825678e6D9441ddc935FE12e](https://etherscan.io/address/0x3276053cb5C0fEb1825678e6D9441ddc935FE12e)

#### State updates

- functionCall: 2024-12-02 09:45 UTC - now; currently used; address: [0xb9c4EA7171b588e8D4c3F63e955Cd61e5172bb92](https://etherscan.io/address/0xb9c4EA7171b588e8D4c3F63e955Cd61e5172bb92); selector: 0x9aaab648; signature: `function proposeL2Output(bytes32 _outputRoot, uint256 _l2BlockNumber, bytes32 _l1Blockhash, uint256 _l1BlockNumber)`

## Risk summary

**Warning:** Fraud proof system is currently under development. Users need to trust the block proposer to submit correct L1 state roots.

### Funds can be stolen if

1. a contract receives a malicious code upgrade. There is no delay on code upgrades (CRITICAL),
2. an invalid state root is submitted to the system (CRITICAL).

### Funds can be lost if

3. the sequencer posts an unavailable transaction root (CRITICAL),
4. the data is not available on the external provider (CRITICAL).

### Funds can be frozen if

5. the centralized validator goes down. Users cannot produce blocks themselves and exiting the system requires new block production (CRITICAL).

### MEV can be extracted if

6. the operator exploits their centralized position and frontruns user transactions.

## Risk analysis

**Warning:** Fraud proof system is currently under development. Users need to trust the block proposer to submit correct L1 state roots.

### Sequencer failure

Self sequence (12h delay; sentiment: good)

In the event of a sequencer failure, users can force transactions to be included in the project's chain by sending them to L1. There can be up to a 12h delay on this operation.

### State validation

None (1d challenge period; sentiment: bad)

Currently the system permits invalid state roots. More details in project overview.

### Data availability

External (sentiment: bad)

Proof construction and state derivation fully rely on data that is posted on Celestia. Sequencer tx roots are not checked against the Blobstream bridge data roots onchain, but L2 nodes can verify data availability by running a Celestia light client.

### Exit window

None (sentiment: bad)

There is no window for users to exit in case of an unwanted upgrade since contracts are instantly upgradable.

### Proposer failure

Cannot withdraw (sentiment: bad)

Only the whitelisted proposers can publish state roots on L1, so in the event of failure the withdrawals are frozen.

## Stage

Pepe Unchained is not even a Stage 0 project.

**The project does not pass the walkaway test**: users are not able to exit in the presence of malicious operators if the Security Council disappears.

### Stage 0

1 issue needs fixing.

- Met: The project self-identifies as a Validium or Optimium.
- Met: State roots are posted to Ethereum L1.
- Met: A source-available node exists that can reconstruct the L2 state when DA is accessible. Please note that the ETHBEAT team has not verified the validity of the node source code. [View code](https://github.com/ethereum-optimism/optimism/tree/develop/op-node)
- Issue: The proof system is still under development.

### Stage 1

3 issues need fixing.

**Principle**

- Issue: Compromising ≥75% of the Security Council to push a malicious upgrade, or sequencer+DA-committee collusion to withhold data and finalize invalid state roots, should be the only ways (other than bugs) to steal funds or block withdrawals indefinitely.

**Guidelines**

- Issue: Users' withdrawals can be censored by the permissioned operators.
- Issue: Upgrades executed by actors with more centralized control than a Security Council provide less than 7d for users to exit if the permissioned operator is down or censoring.

[Learn more about Stages](https://ethbeat.org/stages).

Please keep in mind that these stages do not reflect project security, this is an opinionated assessment of project maturity based on subjective criteria, created with a goal of incentivizing projects to push toward better decentralization. Each team may have taken different paths to achieve this goal.

## Data availability

### Data is posted to Celestia

Transactions roots are posted onchain and the full data is posted on Celestia. Since the Blobstream bridge is not used, availability of the data is not verified against Celestia validators, meaning that the Sequencer can single-handedly publish unavailable roots. If Celestia becomes unavailable, the sequencer falls back to Ethereum.

**Risks**

- Funds can be lost if the sequencer posts an unavailable transaction root (CRITICAL).
- Funds can be lost if the data is not available on the external provider (CRITICAL).

**References**

- [Introducing Blobstream: streaming modular DA to Ethereum](https://blog.celestia.org/introducing-blobstream/)
- [Derivation: Batch submission - OP Mainnet specs](https://github.com/ethereum-optimism/specs/blob/main/specs/protocol/derivation.md#batch-submission)
- [BatchInbox - address](https://etherscan.io/address/0x3276053cb5C0fEb1825678e6D9441ddc935FE12e#code)
- [OptimismPortal.sol - source code, depositTransaction function](https://etherscan.io/address/0xdAc90BD578f229D33D68735B398b544027E3285e#code)

## State validation

### No state validation

OP Stack projects can use the OP fault proof system, already being deployed on some. This project though is not using fault proofs yet and is relying on the honesty of the permissioned Proposer and Challengers to ensure state correctness. The smart contract system permits invalid state roots.

**Risks**

- Funds can be stolen if an invalid state root is submitted to the system (CRITICAL).

**References**

- [L2OutputOracle.sol - source code, deleteL2Outputs function](https://etherscan.io/address/0x1Fd1be2e1c65F136020d2CcC073ED8A7269aE53f#code)

## Upgrades & Governance

### Past upgrades

The metrics include upgrades on the currently used proxy contracts. Historical proxy contracts and changes of such are not included.

- Count of upgrades: 2
- Last upgrade: 1y 6mo ago
- Avg upgrade interval: 7mo 24d

- 2025-04-09 18:39 UTC, upgrade of [L2OutputOracle](https://etherscan.io/address/0xb9c4EA7171b588e8D4c3F63e955Cd61e5172bb92#code): transaction [0x6a3c741de4a66f9e4f6ab204507d0d1e6c6c0e8ec2ca63bb03ad6c57e8e5d373](https://etherscan.io/tx/0x6a3c741de4a66f9e4f6ab204507d0d1e6c6c0e8ec2ca63bb03ad6c57e8e5d373), implementations: [0xd81f43eDBCAcb4c29a9bA38a13Ee5d79278270cC](https://etherscan.io/address/0xd81f43eDBCAcb4c29a9bA38a13Ee5d79278270cC#code) ([diff](https://disco.ethbeat.org/diff/eth:0x1Fd1be2e1c65F136020d2CcC073ED8A7269aE53f/eth:0xd81f43eDBCAcb4c29a9bA38a13Ee5d79278270cC))
- 2025-04-09 18:39 UTC, upgrade of [L2OutputOracle](https://etherscan.io/address/0xb9c4EA7171b588e8D4c3F63e955Cd61e5172bb92#code): transaction [0x6a3c741de4a66f9e4f6ab204507d0d1e6c6c0e8ec2ca63bb03ad6c57e8e5d373](https://etherscan.io/tx/0x6a3c741de4a66f9e4f6ab204507d0d1e6c6c0e8ec2ca63bb03ad6c57e8e5d373), implementations: [0x1Fd1be2e1c65F136020d2CcC073ED8A7269aE53f](https://etherscan.io/address/0x1Fd1be2e1c65F136020d2CcC073ED8A7269aE53f#code) ([diff](https://disco.ethbeat.org/diff/eth:0x1Fd1be2e1c65F136020d2CcC073ED8A7269aE53f/eth:0x1Fd1be2e1c65F136020d2CcC073ED8A7269aE53f))
- 2024-12-02 09:46 UTC, deployment of [L2OutputOracle](https://etherscan.io/address/0xb9c4EA7171b588e8D4c3F63e955Cd61e5172bb92#code): transaction [0x7ddb356a0db26991b791c1b16e67dc6e71f9f2177bc73637c8afe57ec20d594d](https://etherscan.io/tx/0x7ddb356a0db26991b791c1b16e67dc6e71f9f2177bc73637c8afe57ec20d594d), implementations: [0x1Fd1be2e1c65F136020d2CcC073ED8A7269aE53f](https://etherscan.io/address/0x1Fd1be2e1c65F136020d2CcC073ED8A7269aE53f#code)
- 2024-12-02 09:46 UTC, deployment of [SystemConfig](https://etherscan.io/address/0xF41E72f55d9bE849ecCe3b7AEe2A07Ccdadb655d#code): transaction [0x9bb7e935327fb574078e2717f54dd877661dfd940205f4033c5f7f52eb8967f7](https://etherscan.io/tx/0x9bb7e935327fb574078e2717f54dd877661dfd940205f4033c5f7f52eb8967f7), implementations: [0x6f6584F82866aa297Eb5cE0d4Fed200dD0632833](https://etherscan.io/address/0x6f6584F82866aa297Eb5cE0d4Fed200dD0632833#code)
- 2024-12-02 09:46 UTC, deployment of [L1CrossDomainMessenger](https://etherscan.io/address/0x6007758DBd8c9e83e24761D248e51850Ff2612CC#code): transaction [0xa241ccca0bd90332456d7b8b04ad620b7a1b2392da7f0164168af6475fd9d52b](https://etherscan.io/tx/0xa241ccca0bd90332456d7b8b04ad620b7a1b2392da7f0164168af6475fd9d52b), implementations: [0xe36A1936AdA988529946237cd23bbA42071138CB](https://etherscan.io/address/0xe36A1936AdA988529946237cd23bbA42071138CB#code)
- 2024-12-02 09:46 UTC, deployment of [L1ERC721Bridge](https://etherscan.io/address/0x9dd8e00Ff731FBf3dd3559578BeB518a41b16Cfe#code): transaction [0x3634ea4a2431165f2ec35df2b57dde5e2f15130248f3097ec944a13e2e4cff22](https://etherscan.io/tx/0x3634ea4a2431165f2ec35df2b57dde5e2f15130248f3097ec944a13e2e4cff22), implementations: [0x46Fd984c10648C26B4099e42a23a644B36ecA5A8](https://etherscan.io/address/0x46Fd984c10648C26B4099e42a23a644B36ecA5A8#code)
- 2024-12-02 09:46 UTC, deployment of [OptimismMintableERC20Factory](https://etherscan.io/address/0x3D831FD51f80398488a2452b9Ba44eDe104e8789#code): transaction [0xf002c76f5539fd64237ed9dc39bd7d62fdf24c9ad242d15935b870eaa840a7a2](https://etherscan.io/tx/0xf002c76f5539fd64237ed9dc39bd7d62fdf24c9ad242d15935b870eaa840a7a2), implementations: [0xA4C2F8848b68ba4D5f6C4c35D85E83CAA055343E](https://etherscan.io/address/0xA4C2F8848b68ba4D5f6C4c35D85E83CAA055343E#code)
- 2024-12-02 09:45 UTC, deployment of [OptimismPortal](https://etherscan.io/address/0x384e3AE4D5efC9471201039b555EAe496b2A7240#code): transaction [0xb15b1f5e193d23a42b6c407ca0477edeeea5285cf952194e73127eaf06b88da8](https://etherscan.io/tx/0xb15b1f5e193d23a42b6c407ca0477edeeea5285cf952194e73127eaf06b88da8), implementations: [0xdAc90BD578f229D33D68735B398b544027E3285e](https://etherscan.io/address/0xdAc90BD578f229D33D68735B398b544027E3285e#code)
- 2024-12-02 09:45 UTC, deployment of [SuperchainConfig](https://etherscan.io/address/0x11654D67e0360A82e5Badd272Ced336B80972135#code): transaction [0x9c4969f990a3591299c7a8fab5c6d488ef20a4efbff6d72b1d5aed2199addf42](https://etherscan.io/tx/0x9c4969f990a3591299c7a8fab5c6d488ef20a4efbff6d72b1d5aed2199addf42), implementations: [0xF8b4a49204203a8449035Ec3ADd928556C8C6397](https://etherscan.io/address/0xF8b4a49204203a8449035Ec3ADd928556C8C6397#code)

## Updates

Each date links the update on the HTML page, which also shows its contract diffs.

### [2026-01-21 08:34 UTC](https://ethbeat.org/layer2s/projects/pepeunchained?update=927bb16c) (high severity, 12 changes)

New member conduit msig.

### [2025-12-05 11:22 UTC](https://ethbeat.org/layer2s/projects/pepeunchained?update=c80bb8c1) (4 changes)

Conduit multisig key rotation.

### [2025-10-03 08:41 UTC](https://ethbeat.org/layer2s/projects/pepeunchained?update=0cd305a5) (2 changes)

Member removed from multisig.

### [2025-08-26 13:24 UTC](https://ethbeat.org/layer2s/projects/pepeunchained?update=f84f6280) (2 changes)

Conduit msig: removed one address

### [2025-08-12 14:37 UTC](https://ethbeat.org/layer2s/projects/pepeunchained?update=48fefc95) (2 changes)

Conduit Multisig 1 signer added.

### [2025-07-28 05:55 UTC](https://ethbeat.org/layer2s/projects/pepeunchained?update=50bcf19d) (15 changes)

Op stack gov upgrade: standard SuperchainConfig is not used and OpFoundationOperationsSafe is now the direct guardian.

disco archived since project is archived.

### [2025-07-14 12:45 UTC](https://ethbeat.org/layer2s/projects/pepeunchained?update=05db6fc1) (24 changes)

Discovery rerun on the same block number with only config-related changes.

### [2025-06-02 08:01 UTC](https://ethbeat.org/layer2s/projects/pepeunchained?update=02874b51) (6 changes)

conduit ms signer change.

### [2025-05-29 07:50 UTC](https://ethbeat.org/layer2s/projects/pepeunchained?update=0d57d13a) (1 change)

Discovery rerun on the same block number with only config-related changes.

### [2025-05-26 15:09 UTC](https://ethbeat.org/layer2s/projects/pepeunchained?update=bee5866c) (1 change)

config related: decoding bug in our opstackDA handler (see ancient disco).

### [2025-05-08 08:50 UTC](https://ethbeat.org/layer2s/projects/pepeunchained?update=956db832) (17 changes)

superchain guardian connected, but not full superchain gov.

OP stack DeputyPauser upgrade (see op mainnet for more info).

### [2025-04-11 06:47 UTC](https://ethbeat.org/layer2s/projects/pepeunchained?update=b3e56c2c) (5 changes)

storageSetter upgrade for changing the challenge period (1d).

### [2025-03-14 15:41 UTC](https://ethbeat.org/layer2s/projects/pepeunchained?update=a73979b1) (11 changes)

Conduit MS changes.

### [2025-02-21 19:02 UTC](https://ethbeat.org/layer2s/projects/pepeunchained?update=b857c51c) (13 changes)

First discovery. OpStack using Celestia for DA. DisputeGameFactory and related contracts are deployed but not used.

## Operator

### The system has a centralized operator

The operator is the only entity that can propose blocks. A live and trustworthy operator is vital to the health of the system.

**Risks**

- MEV can be extracted if the operator exploits their centralized position and frontruns user transactions.

**References**

- [L2OutputOracle.sol - source code, CHALLENGER address](https://etherscan.io/address/0x1Fd1be2e1c65F136020d2CcC073ED8A7269aE53f#code)
- [L2OutputOracle.sol - source code, PROPOSER address](https://etherscan.io/address/0x1Fd1be2e1c65F136020d2CcC073ED8A7269aE53f#code)

### Users can force any transaction

Because the state of the system is based on transactions submitted on the underlying host chain and anyone can submit their transactions there it allows the users to circumvent censorship by interacting with the smart contract on the host chain directly.

**References**

- [Sequencing Window - OP Mainnet Specs](https://github.com/ethereum-optimism/optimism/blob/51eeb76efeb32b3df3e978f311188aa29f5e3e94/specs/glossary.md#sequencing-window)
- [OptimismPortal.sol - source code, depositTransaction function](https://etherscan.io/address/0xdAc90BD578f229D33D68735B398b544027E3285e#code)

## Withdrawals

### Regular messaging

The user initiates L2->L1 messages by submitting a regular transaction on this chain. When the block containing that transaction is settled, the message becomes available for processing on L1. The process of block finalization takes a challenge period of 1d to complete.

**Risks**

- Funds can be frozen if the centralized validator goes down. Users cannot produce blocks themselves and exiting the system requires new block production (CRITICAL).

**References**

- [OptimismPortal.sol - source code, proveWithdrawalTransaction function](https://etherscan.io/address/0xdAc90BD578f229D33D68735B398b544027E3285e#code)
- [OptimismPortal.sol - source code, finalizeWithdrawalTransaction function](https://etherscan.io/address/0xdAc90BD578f229D33D68735B398b544027E3285e#code)
- [L2OutputOracle.sol - source code, PROPOSER check](https://etherscan.io/address/0x1Fd1be2e1c65F136020d2CcC073ED8A7269aE53f#code)

### Forced messaging

If the user experiences censorship from the operator with regular L2->L1 messaging they can submit their messages directly on L1. The system is then obliged to service this request or halt all messages, including forced withdrawals from L1 and regular messages initiated on L2. Once the force operation is submitted and if the request is serviced, the operation follows the flow of a regular message.

**References**

- [Forced withdrawal from an OP Stack blockchain](https://docs.optimism.io/stack/transactions/forced-transaction)

## Other considerations

### EVM compatible smart contracts are supported

OP stack chains are pursuing the EVM Equivalence model. No changes to smart contracts are required regardless of the language they are written in, i.e. anything deployed on L1 can be deployed on L2.

**References**

- [Introducing EVM Equivalence](https://medium.com/ethereum-optimism/introducing-evm-equivalence-5c2021deb306)

## Permissions

Explore these contracts and permissions in Disco, ETHBEAT's contract explorer: https://disco.ethbeat.org/ui/p/pepeunchained

### Ethereum

#### Actors

##### Conduit Multisig 1

Addresses: [0x4a4962275DF8C60a80d3a25faEc5AA7De116A746](https://etherscan.io/address/0x4a4962275DF8C60a80d3a25faEc5AA7De116A746)

A Multisig with 4/12 threshold.
- Can upgrade **with no delay**
  - SuperchainConfig [via: ProxyAdmin]
  - L1StandardBridge [via: ProxyAdmin]
  - OptimismPortal [via: ProxyAdmin]
  - OptimismMintableERC20Factory [via: ProxyAdmin]
  - L1CrossDomainMessenger [via: ProxyAdmin]
  - L1ERC721Bridge [via: ProxyAdmin]
  - L2OutputOracle [via: ProxyAdmin]
  - SystemConfig [via: ProxyAdmin]
- Can interact with L2OutputOracle
  - Allowed to challenge or delete state roots proposed by a Proposer
- Can interact with AddressManager
  - set and change address mappings [via: ProxyAdmin]
- Can interact with SystemConfig
  - it can update the preconfer address, the batch submitter (Sequencer) address and the gas configuration of the system

Participants (12): [0x381624F7912BddD83dc67c6C53Ef6FE61B87Cf07](https://etherscan.io/address/0x381624F7912BddD83dc67c6C53Ef6FE61B87Cf07), [0x6BB4249858Ee19b6ABC071AD26bEe690baa783A6](https://etherscan.io/address/0x6BB4249858Ee19b6ABC071AD26bEe690baa783A6), [0x2103c69696CB2D3779f5445393808239034E911c](https://etherscan.io/address/0x2103c69696CB2D3779f5445393808239034E911c), [0x65D1d44B8B2fE15d45A03708E0835C7E98a56007](https://etherscan.io/address/0x65D1d44B8B2fE15d45A03708E0835C7E98a56007), [0x81175155D85377C337d92f1FA52Da166C3A4E7Ac](https://etherscan.io/address/0x81175155D85377C337d92f1FA52Da166C3A4E7Ac), [0xA0737fea60F0601A192E3d2c98865A883ab0bda2](https://etherscan.io/address/0xA0737fea60F0601A192E3d2c98865A883ab0bda2), [0xF3313C48BD8E17b823d5498D62F37019dFEA647D](https://etherscan.io/address/0xF3313C48BD8E17b823d5498D62F37019dFEA647D), [0xa4000bDD2bB92ce6750b31F1eeda47Bd1cB8e6e4](https://etherscan.io/address/0xa4000bDD2bB92ce6750b31F1eeda47Bd1cB8e6e4), [0x3840f487A17A41100DD1Bf0946c34f132a57Fd5f](https://etherscan.io/address/0x3840f487A17A41100DD1Bf0946c34f132a57Fd5f), [0xa0C600a6e85bf225958FFAcC70B5FDDF9A059038](https://etherscan.io/address/0xa0C600a6e85bf225958FFAcC70B5FDDF9A059038), [0xefCf0c8faFB425997870f845e26fC6cA6EE6dD5C](https://etherscan.io/address/0xefCf0c8faFB425997870f845e26fC6cA6EE6dD5C), [0x4D8007a0E9f293e62E2b0F43C6Cf4C4B9e135BAe](https://etherscan.io/address/0x4D8007a0E9f293e62E2b0F43C6Cf4C4B9e135BAe)

Used in: [Aevo](https://ethbeat.org/layer2s/projects/aevo#Conduit%20Multisig%201), [Gravity](https://ethbeat.org/layer2s/projects/galxegravity#Conduit%20Multisig%201), [Katana](https://ethbeat.org/layer2s/projects/katana#Conduit%20Multisig%201), [Lasernet](https://ethbeat.org/layer2s/projects/lasernet#Conduit%20Multisig%201), [Metal](https://ethbeat.org/layer2s/projects/metal#Conduit%20Multisig%201), [Mode Network](https://ethbeat.org/layer2s/projects/mode#Conduit%20Multisig%201), [Nillion](https://ethbeat.org/layer2s/projects/nillion#Conduit%20Multisig%201), [Orderly Network](https://ethbeat.org/layer2s/projects/orderly#Conduit%20Multisig%201), [Pepe Unchained](https://ethbeat.org/layer2s/projects/pepe-unchained#Conduit%20Multisig%201), [Phala](https://ethbeat.org/layer2s/projects/phala#Conduit%20Multisig%201), [Plume Network](https://ethbeat.org/layer2s/projects/plumenetwork#Conduit%20Multisig%201), [Ronin](https://ethbeat.org/layer2s/projects/ronin-network#Conduit%20Multisig%201), [Reya](https://ethbeat.org/layer2s/projects/reya#Conduit%20Multisig%201), [Zircuit](https://ethbeat.org/layer2s/projects/zircuit#Conduit%20Multisig%201), [Zora](https://ethbeat.org/layer2s/projects/zora#Conduit%20Multisig%201)

##### OpFoundationOperationsSafe

Addresses: [0x9BA6e03D8B90dE867373Db8cF1A58d2F7F006b3A](https://etherscan.io/address/0x9BA6e03D8B90dE867373Db8cF1A58d2F7F006b3A)

A Multisig with 5/7 threshold.
- Can interact with SuperchainConfig
  - Allowed to pause withdrawals. In op stack systems with a proof system, the Guardian can also blacklist dispute games and set the respected game type (permissioned / permissionless)
- Can interact with OptimismPortal
  - Allowed to pause withdrawals. In op stack systems with a proof system, the Guardian can also blacklist dispute games and set the respected game type (permissioned / permissionless)

Participants (7): [0x42d27eEA1AD6e22Af6284F609847CB3Cd56B9c64](https://ethbeat.org/layer2s/projects/pepeunchained#GnosisSafe) (GnosisSafe), [0x3041BA32f451F5850c147805F5521AC206421623](https://etherscan.io/address/0x3041BA32f451F5850c147805F5521AC206421623), [0xE7dEA1306D9F829bA469d1904c50903b46ebd02e](https://etherscan.io/address/0xE7dEA1306D9F829bA469d1904c50903b46ebd02e), [0xBF93D4d727F7Ba1F753E1124C3e532dCb04Ea2c8](https://etherscan.io/address/0xBF93D4d727F7Ba1F753E1124C3e532dCb04Ea2c8), [0x4D014f3c5F33Aa9Cd1Dc29ce29618d07Ae666d15](https://etherscan.io/address/0x4D014f3c5F33Aa9Cd1Dc29ce29618d07Ae666d15), [0x69acfE2096Dfb8d5A041eF37693553c48d9BFd02](https://etherscan.io/address/0x69acfE2096Dfb8d5A041eF37693553c48d9BFd02), [0x9bbFB9919062C29a5eE15aCD93c9D7c3b14d31aa](https://etherscan.io/address/0x9bbFB9919062C29a5eE15aCD93c9D7c3b14d31aa)

##### GnosisSafe

Addresses: [0x42d27eEA1AD6e22Af6284F609847CB3Cd56B9c64](https://etherscan.io/address/0x42d27eEA1AD6e22Af6284F609847CB3Cd56B9c64)

A Multisig with 2/2 threshold.
Member of OpFoundationOperationsSafe.

Participants (2): [0xb23794fd6BA1CEAd01Cf54D772b8341F2F0197A5](https://etherscan.io/address/0xb23794fd6BA1CEAd01Cf54D772b8341F2F0197A5), [0x4665374939642965EfD8357D4568D2A77f677429](https://etherscan.io/address/0x4665374939642965EfD8357D4568D2A77f677429)

##### EOA 1

Addresses: [0x919B2511b2DB24Cc0C0EebE28b62a4E591579C1B](https://etherscan.io/address/0x919B2511b2DB24Cc0C0EebE28b62a4E591579C1B)

- Can interact with L2OutputOracle
  - Allowed to post new state roots of the current layer to the host chain

##### EOA 2

Addresses: [0x5c89b56bead2f99d41721f1D15442Fe813879587](https://etherscan.io/address/0x5c89b56bead2f99d41721f1D15442Fe813879587)

- Can interact with SystemConfig
  - Allowed to commit transactions from the current layer to the host chain

## Smart contracts

![A diagram of the smart contract architecture](https://ethbeat.org/static/images/architecture/opstack-optimium-superchain.7cf8cc96.png)

Explore these contracts and permissions in Disco, ETHBEAT's contract explorer: https://disco.ethbeat.org/ui/p/pepeunchained

### Ethereum

#### OptimismPortal (escrow)

Addresses: [0x384e3AE4D5efC9471201039b555EAe496b2A7240](https://etherscan.io/address/0x384e3AE4D5efC9471201039b555EAe496b2A7240#code), [0xdAc90BD578f229D33D68735B398b544027E3285e](https://etherscan.io/address/0xdAc90BD578f229D33D68735B398b544027E3285e#code) (Implementation (Upgradable)), [0x320E53df19662A58fF4953d62B229E9BCAAC0b49](https://etherscan.io/address/0x320E53df19662A58fF4953d62B229E9BCAAC0b49#code) (Admin)

**Past upgrades** (Count of upgrades: No upgrades, Last upgrade: N/A, Avg upgrade interval: N/A)

- 2024-12-02 09:45 UTC, deployment of [OptimismPortal](https://etherscan.io/address/0x384e3AE4D5efC9471201039b555EAe496b2A7240#code): transaction [0xb15b1f5e193d23a42b6c407ca0477edeeea5285cf952194e73127eaf06b88da8](https://etherscan.io/tx/0xb15b1f5e193d23a42b6c407ca0477edeeea5285cf952194e73127eaf06b88da8), implementations: [0xdAc90BD578f229D33D68735B398b544027E3285e](https://etherscan.io/address/0xdAc90BD578f229D33D68735B398b544027E3285e#code)

The main entry point to deposit funds from host chain to this chain. It also allows to prove and finalize withdrawals.
- Roles:
  - **admin**: ProxyAdmin; ultimately Conduit Multisig 1
  - **guardian**: OpFoundationOperationsSafe

The following tokens are included in the value secured calculation: ETH

Can be upgraded by: Conduit Multisig 1 with no delay

#### L2OutputOracle

Addresses: [0xb9c4EA7171b588e8D4c3F63e955Cd61e5172bb92](https://etherscan.io/address/0xb9c4EA7171b588e8D4c3F63e955Cd61e5172bb92#code), [0x1Fd1be2e1c65F136020d2CcC073ED8A7269aE53f](https://etherscan.io/address/0x1Fd1be2e1c65F136020d2CcC073ED8A7269aE53f#code) (Implementation (Upgradable)), [0x320E53df19662A58fF4953d62B229E9BCAAC0b49](https://etherscan.io/address/0x320E53df19662A58fF4953d62B229E9BCAAC0b49#code) (Admin)

**Past upgrades** (Count of upgrades: 2, Last upgrade: 1y 6mo ago, Avg upgrade interval: 7mo 24d)

- 2025-04-09 18:39 UTC, upgrade of [L2OutputOracle](https://etherscan.io/address/0xb9c4EA7171b588e8D4c3F63e955Cd61e5172bb92#code): transaction [0x6a3c741de4a66f9e4f6ab204507d0d1e6c6c0e8ec2ca63bb03ad6c57e8e5d373](https://etherscan.io/tx/0x6a3c741de4a66f9e4f6ab204507d0d1e6c6c0e8ec2ca63bb03ad6c57e8e5d373), implementations: [0xd81f43eDBCAcb4c29a9bA38a13Ee5d79278270cC](https://etherscan.io/address/0xd81f43eDBCAcb4c29a9bA38a13Ee5d79278270cC#code) ([diff](https://disco.ethbeat.org/diff/eth:0x1Fd1be2e1c65F136020d2CcC073ED8A7269aE53f/eth:0xd81f43eDBCAcb4c29a9bA38a13Ee5d79278270cC))
- 2025-04-09 18:39 UTC, upgrade of [L2OutputOracle](https://etherscan.io/address/0xb9c4EA7171b588e8D4c3F63e955Cd61e5172bb92#code): transaction [0x6a3c741de4a66f9e4f6ab204507d0d1e6c6c0e8ec2ca63bb03ad6c57e8e5d373](https://etherscan.io/tx/0x6a3c741de4a66f9e4f6ab204507d0d1e6c6c0e8ec2ca63bb03ad6c57e8e5d373), implementations: [0x1Fd1be2e1c65F136020d2CcC073ED8A7269aE53f](https://etherscan.io/address/0x1Fd1be2e1c65F136020d2CcC073ED8A7269aE53f#code) ([diff](https://disco.ethbeat.org/diff/eth:0x1Fd1be2e1c65F136020d2CcC073ED8A7269aE53f/eth:0x1Fd1be2e1c65F136020d2CcC073ED8A7269aE53f))
- 2024-12-02 09:46 UTC, deployment of [L2OutputOracle](https://etherscan.io/address/0xb9c4EA7171b588e8D4c3F63e955Cd61e5172bb92#code): transaction [0x7ddb356a0db26991b791c1b16e67dc6e71f9f2177bc73637c8afe57ec20d594d](https://etherscan.io/tx/0x7ddb356a0db26991b791c1b16e67dc6e71f9f2177bc73637c8afe57ec20d594d), implementations: [0x1Fd1be2e1c65F136020d2CcC073ED8A7269aE53f](https://etherscan.io/address/0x1Fd1be2e1c65F136020d2CcC073ED8A7269aE53f#code)

Contains a list of proposed state roots which Proposers assert to be a result of block execution. Currently only the PROPOSER address can submit new state roots.
- Roles:
  - **admin**: ProxyAdmin; ultimately Conduit Multisig 1
  - **challenger**: Conduit Multisig 1
  - **proposer**: EOA 1

Can be upgraded by: Conduit Multisig 1 with no delay

#### SystemConfig

Addresses: [0xF41E72f55d9bE849ecCe3b7AEe2A07Ccdadb655d](https://etherscan.io/address/0xF41E72f55d9bE849ecCe3b7AEe2A07Ccdadb655d#code), [0x6f6584F82866aa297Eb5cE0d4Fed200dD0632833](https://etherscan.io/address/0x6f6584F82866aa297Eb5cE0d4Fed200dD0632833#code) (Implementation (Upgradable)), [0x320E53df19662A58fF4953d62B229E9BCAAC0b49](https://etherscan.io/address/0x320E53df19662A58fF4953d62B229E9BCAAC0b49#code) (Admin)

**Past upgrades** (Count of upgrades: No upgrades, Last upgrade: N/A, Avg upgrade interval: N/A)

- 2024-12-02 09:46 UTC, deployment of [SystemConfig](https://etherscan.io/address/0xF41E72f55d9bE849ecCe3b7AEe2A07Ccdadb655d#code): transaction [0x9bb7e935327fb574078e2717f54dd877661dfd940205f4033c5f7f52eb8967f7](https://etherscan.io/tx/0x9bb7e935327fb574078e2717f54dd877661dfd940205f4033c5f7f52eb8967f7), implementations: [0x6f6584F82866aa297Eb5cE0d4Fed200dD0632833](https://etherscan.io/address/0x6f6584F82866aa297Eb5cE0d4Fed200dD0632833#code)

Contains configuration parameters such as the Sequencer address, gas limit on this chain and the unsafe block signer address.
- Roles:
  - **admin**: ProxyAdmin; ultimately Conduit Multisig 1
  - **batcherHash**: EOA 2
  - **owner**: Conduit Multisig 1

Can be upgraded by: Conduit Multisig 1 with no delay

#### SuperchainConfig

Addresses: [0x11654D67e0360A82e5Badd272Ced336B80972135](https://etherscan.io/address/0x11654D67e0360A82e5Badd272Ced336B80972135#code), [0xF8b4a49204203a8449035Ec3ADd928556C8C6397](https://etherscan.io/address/0xF8b4a49204203a8449035Ec3ADd928556C8C6397#code) (Implementation (Upgradable)), [0x320E53df19662A58fF4953d62B229E9BCAAC0b49](https://etherscan.io/address/0x320E53df19662A58fF4953d62B229E9BCAAC0b49#code) (Admin)

**Past upgrades** (Count of upgrades: No upgrades, Last upgrade: N/A, Avg upgrade interval: N/A)

- 2024-12-02 09:45 UTC, deployment of [SuperchainConfig](https://etherscan.io/address/0x11654D67e0360A82e5Badd272Ced336B80972135#code): transaction [0x9c4969f990a3591299c7a8fab5c6d488ef20a4efbff6d72b1d5aed2199addf42](https://etherscan.io/tx/0x9c4969f990a3591299c7a8fab5c6d488ef20a4efbff6d72b1d5aed2199addf42), implementations: [0xF8b4a49204203a8449035Ec3ADd928556C8C6397](https://etherscan.io/address/0xF8b4a49204203a8449035Ec3ADd928556C8C6397#code)

This is NOT the shared SuperchainConfig contract of the OP stack Superchain but rather a local fork. It manages the `PAUSED_SLOT`, a boolean value indicating whether the local chain is paused, and `GUARDIAN_SLOT`, the address of the guardian which can pause and unpause the system.
- Roles:
  - **admin**: ProxyAdmin; ultimately Conduit Multisig 1
  - **guardian**: OpFoundationOperationsSafe

Can be upgraded by: Conduit Multisig 1 with no delay

#### L1StandardBridge (escrow)

Addresses: [0x34Ef4B527DB3F4AcfAE7Fdc7Db0f9981F48Cd23F](https://etherscan.io/address/0x34Ef4B527DB3F4AcfAE7Fdc7Db0f9981F48Cd23F#code), [0x8A51D7311DB5C5DBfB344e79b85d516aD5C72324](https://etherscan.io/address/0x8A51D7311DB5C5DBfB344e79b85d516aD5C72324#code) (Implementation (Upgradable)), [0x320E53df19662A58fF4953d62B229E9BCAAC0b49](https://etherscan.io/address/0x320E53df19662A58fF4953d62B229E9BCAAC0b49#code) (Admin)

The main entry point to deposit ERC20 tokens from host chain to this chain.
- Roles:
  - **admin**: ProxyAdmin; ultimately Conduit Multisig 1

All supported tokens in this escrow are included in the value secured calculation.

Can be upgraded by: Conduit Multisig 1 with no delay

#### L1CrossDomainMessenger

Addresses: [0x6007758DBd8c9e83e24761D248e51850Ff2612CC](https://etherscan.io/address/0x6007758DBd8c9e83e24761D248e51850Ff2612CC#code), [0xe36A1936AdA988529946237cd23bbA42071138CB](https://etherscan.io/address/0xe36A1936AdA988529946237cd23bbA42071138CB#code) (Implementation (Upgradable)), [0x320E53df19662A58fF4953d62B229E9BCAAC0b49](https://etherscan.io/address/0x320E53df19662A58fF4953d62B229E9BCAAC0b49#code) (Admin)

**Past upgrades** (Count of upgrades: No upgrades, Last upgrade: N/A, Avg upgrade interval: N/A)

- 2024-12-02 09:46 UTC, deployment of [L1CrossDomainMessenger](https://etherscan.io/address/0x6007758DBd8c9e83e24761D248e51850Ff2612CC#code): transaction [0xa241ccca0bd90332456d7b8b04ad620b7a1b2392da7f0164168af6475fd9d52b](https://etherscan.io/tx/0xa241ccca0bd90332456d7b8b04ad620b7a1b2392da7f0164168af6475fd9d52b), implementations: [0xe36A1936AdA988529946237cd23bbA42071138CB](https://etherscan.io/address/0xe36A1936AdA988529946237cd23bbA42071138CB#code)

Sends messages from host chain to this chain, and relays messages back onto host chain. In the event that a message sent from host chain to this chain is rejected for exceeding this chain's epoch gas limit, it can be resubmitted via this contract's replay function.
- Roles:
  - **admin**: ProxyAdmin; ultimately Conduit Multisig 1

Can be upgraded by: Conduit Multisig 1 with no delay

#### L1ERC721Bridge

Addresses: [0x9dd8e00Ff731FBf3dd3559578BeB518a41b16Cfe](https://etherscan.io/address/0x9dd8e00Ff731FBf3dd3559578BeB518a41b16Cfe#code), [0x46Fd984c10648C26B4099e42a23a644B36ecA5A8](https://etherscan.io/address/0x46Fd984c10648C26B4099e42a23a644B36ecA5A8#code) (Implementation (Upgradable)), [0x320E53df19662A58fF4953d62B229E9BCAAC0b49](https://etherscan.io/address/0x320E53df19662A58fF4953d62B229E9BCAAC0b49#code) (Admin)

**Past upgrades** (Count of upgrades: No upgrades, Last upgrade: N/A, Avg upgrade interval: N/A)

- 2024-12-02 09:46 UTC, deployment of [L1ERC721Bridge](https://etherscan.io/address/0x9dd8e00Ff731FBf3dd3559578BeB518a41b16Cfe#code): transaction [0x3634ea4a2431165f2ec35df2b57dde5e2f15130248f3097ec944a13e2e4cff22](https://etherscan.io/tx/0x3634ea4a2431165f2ec35df2b57dde5e2f15130248f3097ec944a13e2e4cff22), implementations: [0x46Fd984c10648C26B4099e42a23a644B36ecA5A8](https://etherscan.io/address/0x46Fd984c10648C26B4099e42a23a644B36ecA5A8#code)

Used to bridge ERC-721 tokens from host chain to this chain.
- Roles:
  - **admin**: ProxyAdmin; ultimately Conduit Multisig 1

Can be upgraded by: Conduit Multisig 1 with no delay

#### ProxyAdmin

Addresses: [0x320E53df19662A58fF4953d62B229E9BCAAC0b49](https://etherscan.io/address/0x320E53df19662A58fF4953d62B229E9BCAAC0b49#code)

- Roles:
  - **owner**: Conduit Multisig 1

#### OptimismMintableERC20Factory

Addresses: [0x3D831FD51f80398488a2452b9Ba44eDe104e8789](https://etherscan.io/address/0x3D831FD51f80398488a2452b9Ba44eDe104e8789#code), [0xA4C2F8848b68ba4D5f6C4c35D85E83CAA055343E](https://etherscan.io/address/0xA4C2F8848b68ba4D5f6C4c35D85E83CAA055343E#code) (Implementation (Upgradable)), [0x320E53df19662A58fF4953d62B229E9BCAAC0b49](https://etherscan.io/address/0x320E53df19662A58fF4953d62B229E9BCAAC0b49#code) (Admin)

**Past upgrades** (Count of upgrades: No upgrades, Last upgrade: N/A, Avg upgrade interval: N/A)

- 2024-12-02 09:46 UTC, deployment of [OptimismMintableERC20Factory](https://etherscan.io/address/0x3D831FD51f80398488a2452b9Ba44eDe104e8789#code): transaction [0xf002c76f5539fd64237ed9dc39bd7d62fdf24c9ad242d15935b870eaa840a7a2](https://etherscan.io/tx/0xf002c76f5539fd64237ed9dc39bd7d62fdf24c9ad242d15935b870eaa840a7a2), implementations: [0xA4C2F8848b68ba4D5f6C4c35D85E83CAA055343E](https://etherscan.io/address/0xA4C2F8848b68ba4D5f6C4c35D85E83CAA055343E#code)

A helper contract that generates OptimismMintableERC20 contracts on the network it's deployed to. OptimismMintableERC20 is a standard extension of the base ERC20 token contract designed to allow the L1StandardBridge contracts to mint and burn tokens. This makes it possible to use an OptimismMintableERC20 as this chain's representation of a token on the host chain, or vice-versa.
- Roles:
  - **admin**: ProxyAdmin; ultimately Conduit Multisig 1

Can be upgraded by: Conduit Multisig 1 with no delay

The current deployment carries some associated risks:

- Funds can be stolen if a contract receives a malicious code upgrade. There is no delay on code upgrades (CRITICAL).