# Loopring

Markdown version of https://ethbeat.org/layer2s/projects/loopring

## Summary

**Warning:** This project is archived and no longer maintained.

**Warning:** Loopring DEX was [sunset](https://x.com/loopringorg/status/2071253250725322987) and no longer accepts deposits. The Loopring Team plans to send out deposited assets directly to users.

- Total Value Secured: $2.33 K (-1.88% compared to seven days ago; canonically bridged $2.33 K, natively minted $0.00, externally bridged $0.00; 0.00% with additional trust assumptions compared to the tokens involved and the Stage assigned to the project's canonical messaging bridge)
- TVS by asset: ETH & derivatives $856.50 (36.7%), Stablecoins $1.09 K (46.9%), Other $380.24 (16.3%)
- Past day UOPS: No data
- Stage: Stage 0 (Appchain: Loopring provides an orderbook decentralized exchange for spot trading. Arbitrary contracts are not supported.)
- Type: ZK Rollup
- Purposes: NFT, Exchange
- Host chain: Ethereum

### Risks

- Sequencer failure: Force via L1 (sentiment: good)
- State validation: Validity proofs (SN) (No execution delay; sentiment: good)
- Data availability: Onchain (sentiment: good)
- Exit window: None (sentiment: bad)
- Proposer failure: Use escape hatch (sentiment: good)

### About

Loopring is a ZK Rollup exchange protocol for trading and payments.

### Links

- Website: https://loopring.org
- Bridge: https://loopring.io/#/trade
- Docs: https://github.com/Loopring/protocols/blob/master/packages/loopring_v3/DESIGN.md, https://docs.loopring.io/
- Explorer: https://explorer.loopring.io/
- Repository: https://github.com/Loopring/protocols
- Social: https://loopring.org/#/blog, https://medium.com/loopring-protocol, https://twitter.com/loopringorg, https://discord.com/invite/KkYccYp, https://youtube.com/c/loopring, https://weibo.com/loopringfoundation, https://reddit.com/r/loopringorg/, https://loopring.substack.com/
- Other: https://growthepie.com/chains/loopring
- Contracts explorer (Disco): https://disco.ethbeat.org/ui/p/loopring

### Badges

- Application-specific chain: This project is built to operate a specific application
- Ethereum with calldata: This project is posting its data to Ethereum as calldata

## Value Secured

The interactive TVS charts are shown on [the HTML page](https://ethbeat.org/layer2s/projects/loopring#tvs).

Token by token: [TVS breakdown](https://ethbeat.org/layer2s/projects/loopring/tvs-breakdown).

- [TVS chart (JSON)](https://ethbeat.org/api/scaling/tvs/loopring?range=max)
- [TVS breakdown by token (JSON)](https://ethbeat.org/api/scaling/tvs/loopring/breakdown)

## Activity

The interactive activity chart is shown on [the HTML page](https://ethbeat.org/layer2s/projects/loopring#activity).

- [Activity chart (JSON)](https://ethbeat.org/api/scaling/activity/loopring?range=max)

## Onchain costs

The section shows the operating costs that L2s pay to Ethereum.

The interactive costs chart is shown on [the HTML page](https://ethbeat.org/layer2s/projects/loopring#onchain-costs).

### Tracked transactions

#### State updates

- functionCall: 2021-03-22 07:05 UTC - 2026-06-29 10:24 UTC; historical; address: [0x153CdDD727e407Cb951f728F24bEB9A5FaaA8512](https://etherscan.io/address/0x153CdDD727e407Cb951f728F24bEB9A5FaaA8512); selector: 0xdcb2aa31; signature: `function submitBlocksWithCallbacks(bool isDataCompressed, bytes calldata data, ((uint16,(uint16,uint16,uint16,bytes)[])[], address[])  calldata config)`

## Liveness

This section shows how "live" the project's operators are by displaying how frequently they submit transactions of the selected type. It also highlights anomalies - significant deviations from their typical schedule.

The interactive liveness chart is shown on [the HTML page](https://ethbeat.org/layer2s/projects/loopring#liveness).

### Tracked transactions

#### State updates

- functionCall: 2021-03-22 07:05 UTC - 2026-06-29 10:24 UTC; historical; address: [0x153CdDD727e407Cb951f728F24bEB9A5FaaA8512](https://etherscan.io/address/0x153CdDD727e407Cb951f728F24bEB9A5FaaA8512); selector: 0xdcb2aa31; signature: `function submitBlocksWithCallbacks(bool isDataCompressed, bytes calldata data, ((uint16,(uint16,uint16,uint16,bytes)[])[], address[])  calldata config)`

## Milestones & Incidents

- 2026-06-28: [Loopring DEX sunsets](https://x.com/loopringorg/status/2071253250725322987). Loopring announces the DEX sunset, deposited tokens will be transferred to users.
- 2025-07-31: [DeFi Closure Announcement](https://medium.com/loopring-protocol/loopring-defi-closure-announcement-e9270cccba4d). Loopring sunsets DeFi features to focus on the L2.
- 2022-09-27: [DeFi Port is Live on Loopring](https://medium.loopring.io/loopring-l2-defi-port-cd6e811250a9). Dutch auctions, lending, and other DeFi functions can be performed on Loopring.
- 2021-08-24: [Loopring Supports NFTs](https://medium.loopring.io/loopring-now-supports-nfts-on-l2-29174a343d0d). Loopring supports NFT minting, trading, and transfers.
- 2020-12-02: [Loopring’s ZK Rollup AMM is Live](https://medium.loopring.io/looprings-zkrollup-amm-is-live-2f8251cd0fcd). Improved implementation, enabling gas-free instant swaps and liquidity changes.
- 2020-09-22: [Loopring Protocol 3.6 Pre-release](https://medium.loopring.io/loopring-3-6-is-code-complete-and-security-audit-has-begun-68a642506e31). Enhancements in transfers, order-book trading and AMM swap.
- 2020-06-06: [Loopring Supports Payments](https://medium.loopring.io/loopring-pay-is-live-zkrollup-transfers-on-ethereum-770d35213408). Support for ERC20 transfers is live on Loopring.
- 2020-02-27: [Loopring DEX is online](https://medium.loopring.io/loopring-launches-zkrollup-exchange-loopring-io-d6a85beeed21). ZK Rollup trading is live, as Loopring launches their order book based exchange.
- 2019-12-04: [Loopring ZK Rollup is live](https://medium.com/loopring-protocol/loopring-protocol-3-0-zksnarks-for-scalability-845b35a8b75b). Loopring Protocol 3.0 is fully operational with support for orderbook trading on WeDex.

## Risk summary

### Funds can be stolen if

1. a contract receives a malicious code upgrade. There is no delay on code upgrades (CRITICAL).

### Funds can be lost if

2. the proof system is implemented incorrectly.

### Users can be censored if

3. the operator refuses to include their transactions. However, there exists a mechanism to independently exit the system.

### MEV can be extracted if

4. the operator exploits their centralized position and frontruns user transactions.

## Risk analysis

### Sequencer failure

Force via L1 (sentiment: good)

Users can force the sequencer to include a withdrawal transaction by submitting a request through L1 with a 0.02 ETH fee. If the sequencer is down for more than 15d, users can use the exit hatch to withdraw their funds. The sequencer can censor individual deposits, but in such case after 15d users can get their funds back.

### State validation

Validity proofs (SN) (No execution delay; sentiment: good)

SNARKs are succinct zero knowledge proofs that ensure state correctness, but require trusted setup.

### Data availability

Onchain (sentiment: good)

All of the data needed for proof construction is published on Ethereum L1.

### Exit window

None (sentiment: bad)

There is no window for users to exit in case of an unwanted upgrade since contracts are instantly upgradable.

### Proposer failure

Use escape hatch (sentiment: good)

Users are able to trustlessly exit by submitting a Merkle proof of funds.

## Stage

Loopring is a Stage 0 Appchain ZK Rollup.

**The project does not pass the walkaway test**: users are not able to exit in the presence of malicious operators if the Security Council disappears.

Rollup operators cannot compromise the system, but being **application-specific** might bring additional risk.

Loopring provides an orderbook decentralized exchange for spot trading. Arbitrary contracts are not supported.

**Note:** We're still in the process of formalizing how to properly integrate appchains in the Stages framework.

### Stage 0

5 requirements met.

- Met: A complete and functional proof system is deployed.
- Met: The project calls itself a rollup.
- Met: State roots are posted to Ethereum L1.
- Met: Inputs for the state transition function are posted to Ethereum L1.
- Met: A source-available node exists that can recreate the state from Ethereum L1 data. Please note that the ETHBEAT team has not verified the validity of the node source code. [View code](https://github.com/Loopring/loopring-subgraph-v2)

### Stage 1

3 issues need fixing.

**Principle**

- Issue: Compromising ≥75% of the Security Council should be the only way (other than bugs) for a rollup to indefinitely block an L2→L1 message (e.g. a withdrawal) or push an invalid L2→L1 message (e.g. an invalid withdrawal) with a <7d exit window.

**Guidelines**

- Met: Users are able to exit without the help of the permissioned operators.
- Met: Prover source code is published.
- Issue: Upgrades executed by actors with more centralized control than a Security Council provide less than 7d for users to exit if the permissioned operator is down or censoring.
- Issue: The proof system does not meet the minimum trusted setup requirements defined in the ETHBEAT [trusted setup assessment framework](https://forum.l2beat.com/t/the-trusted-setups-framework-for-zk-catalog/381).

### Stage 2

1 issue needs fixing.

- Issue: Upgrades unrelated to onchain provable bugs provide less than 30d to exit.

[Learn more about Stages](https://ethbeat.org/stages).

Please keep in mind that these stages do not reflect project security, this is an opinionated assessment of project maturity based on subjective criteria, created with a goal of incentivizing projects to push toward better decentralization. Each team may have taken different paths to achieve this goal.

## Data availability

### All data required for proofs is published onchain

All the data that is used to construct the system state is published onchain in the form of cheap calldata. This ensures that it will always be available when needed.

**References**

- [Introduction - Loopring design doc](https://github.com/Loopring/protocols/blob/master/packages/loopring_v3/DESIGN.md#introduction)

Learn more about the DA layer here: [Ethereum](https://ethbeat.org/projects/ethereum)

## State validation

Each update to the system state must be accompanied by a ZK proof that ensures that the new state was derived by correctly applying a series of valid user transactions to the previous state. These proofs are then verified on Ethereum by a smart contract.

### ZK Circuits

Loopring utilizes Groth16 for their proving system. The source code of the circuits can be found [here](https://github.com/Loopring/protocol3-circuits).

**Risks**

- Funds can be lost if the proof system is implemented incorrectly.

### Verification Keys Generation

Groth16 requires a circuit specific trusted setup, so they run their own ceremony. The first phase is run using Powers of Tau ceremony. Some of the instructions on how to regenerate the verification keys can be found [here](https://github.com/Loopring/trusted_setup/tree/loopring-3.6.2).

### Validity proofs

Each update to the system state must be accompanied by a ZK proof that ensures that the new state was derived by correctly applying a series of valid user transactions to the previous state. These proofs are then verified on Ethereum by a smart contract.

**References**

- [Operators - Loopring design doc](https://github.com/Loopring/protocols/blob/master/packages/loopring_v3/DESIGN.md#operators)

## Upgrades & Governance

### Past upgrades

The metrics include upgrades on the currently used proxy contracts. Historical proxy contracts and changes of such are not included.

- Count of upgrades: 9
- Last upgrade: 3mo 27d ago
- Avg upgrade interval: 7mo 9d

- 2026-07-09 12:39 UTC, upgrade of [ExchangeV3](https://etherscan.io/address/0x0BABA1Ad5bE3a5C0a66E7ac838a129Bf948f1eA4#code): transaction [0xc3371471d0daa75094515baac093f12c217b1e0147ddcf992496fcca9ea4721b](https://etherscan.io/tx/0xc3371471d0daa75094515baac093f12c217b1e0147ddcf992496fcca9ea4721b), implementations: [0xB2de2bff671b03612a0Fa3340E0e0eE7e1C0a388](https://etherscan.io/address/0xB2de2bff671b03612a0Fa3340E0e0eE7e1C0a388#code) ([diff](https://disco.ethbeat.org/diff/eth:0xB40973B8bffDe1553AE05DE4b298610524E1c37a/eth:0xB2de2bff671b03612a0Fa3340E0e0eE7e1C0a388))
- 2026-06-29 10:24 UTC, upgrade of [ExchangeV3](https://etherscan.io/address/0x0BABA1Ad5bE3a5C0a66E7ac838a129Bf948f1eA4#code): transaction [0xecb93127c952956993d2247504aecf504b4e48a26bcd758276242ec10ea35274](https://etherscan.io/tx/0xecb93127c952956993d2247504aecf504b4e48a26bcd758276242ec10ea35274), implementations: [0xB40973B8bffDe1553AE05DE4b298610524E1c37a](https://etherscan.io/address/0xB40973B8bffDe1553AE05DE4b298610524E1c37a#code) ([diff](https://disco.ethbeat.org/diff/eth:0x9cFA61e1472f648cd01Ff05E658987A2abA40F1B/eth:0xB40973B8bffDe1553AE05DE4b298610524E1c37a))
- 2026-06-29 07:46 UTC, upgrade of [ExchangeV3](https://etherscan.io/address/0x0BABA1Ad5bE3a5C0a66E7ac838a129Bf948f1eA4#code): transaction [0x9515d5aeed96ebdc21f10ec4d22c796a3dc752e5731bcfcb4dbe7e33a09cc496](https://etherscan.io/tx/0x9515d5aeed96ebdc21f10ec4d22c796a3dc752e5731bcfcb4dbe7e33a09cc496), implementations: [0x9cFA61e1472f648cd01Ff05E658987A2abA40F1B](https://etherscan.io/address/0x9cFA61e1472f648cd01Ff05E658987A2abA40F1B#code) ([diff](https://disco.ethbeat.org/diff/eth:0x26d8Ba776a067C5928841985bCe342f75BAE7E82/eth:0x9cFA61e1472f648cd01Ff05E658987A2abA40F1B))
- 2021-12-14 02:21 UTC, upgrade of [ExchangeV3](https://etherscan.io/address/0x0BABA1Ad5bE3a5C0a66E7ac838a129Bf948f1eA4#code): transaction [0x0fa3763c4bd69cf9e77636b37b5b12c29f3b260d8e822ebe215b14c4602a716d](https://etherscan.io/tx/0x0fa3763c4bd69cf9e77636b37b5b12c29f3b260d8e822ebe215b14c4602a716d), implementations: [0x26d8Ba776a067C5928841985bCe342f75BAE7E82](https://etherscan.io/address/0x26d8Ba776a067C5928841985bCe342f75BAE7E82#code) ([diff](https://disco.ethbeat.org/diff/eth:0x3c294fCF74129d649325F8995afC2f9CfaFAB9dA/eth:0x26d8Ba776a067C5928841985bCe342f75BAE7E82))
- 2021-09-01 04:24 UTC, upgrade of [ExchangeV3](https://etherscan.io/address/0x0BABA1Ad5bE3a5C0a66E7ac838a129Bf948f1eA4#code): transaction [0x2ccbfd61faf2015457ec43fab0324dca7d75091aba7423fe2990307bbfe32e22](https://etherscan.io/tx/0x2ccbfd61faf2015457ec43fab0324dca7d75091aba7423fe2990307bbfe32e22), implementations: [0x3c294fCF74129d649325F8995afC2f9CfaFAB9dA](https://etherscan.io/address/0x3c294fCF74129d649325F8995afC2f9CfaFAB9dA#code) ([diff](https://disco.ethbeat.org/diff/eth:0x4fb117dcd6D09abF1a99B502d488A99F5a17e7eC/eth:0x3c294fCF74129d649325F8995afC2f9CfaFAB9dA))
- 2021-03-29 03:54 UTC, upgrade of [ExchangeV3](https://etherscan.io/address/0x0BABA1Ad5bE3a5C0a66E7ac838a129Bf948f1eA4#code): transaction [0xb54c93da349065cc82e2ef150f07319b2522709e8fe7acbcb5a5edfdcf46f2d6](https://etherscan.io/tx/0xb54c93da349065cc82e2ef150f07319b2522709e8fe7acbcb5a5edfdcf46f2d6), implementations: [0x4fb117dcd6D09abF1a99B502d488A99F5a17e7eC](https://etherscan.io/address/0x4fb117dcd6D09abF1a99B502d488A99F5a17e7eC#code) ([diff](https://disco.ethbeat.org/diff/eth:0xCFba78aecfBcc0B4B748fA58c530D4675BB5D32F/eth:0x4fb117dcd6D09abF1a99B502d488A99F5a17e7eC))
- 2021-03-25 03:26 UTC, upgrade of [ExchangeV3](https://etherscan.io/address/0x0BABA1Ad5bE3a5C0a66E7ac838a129Bf948f1eA4#code): transaction [0x155d094b0d053837b4e252b69cb10c8157795274da1a9f4325519791c27bd294](https://etherscan.io/tx/0x155d094b0d053837b4e252b69cb10c8157795274da1a9f4325519791c27bd294), implementations: [0xCFba78aecfBcc0B4B748fA58c530D4675BB5D32F](https://etherscan.io/address/0xCFba78aecfBcc0B4B748fA58c530D4675BB5D32F#code) ([diff](https://disco.ethbeat.org/diff/eth:0x8c63D8E608fF702a92D5908730C91457b0447Ad7/eth:0xCFba78aecfBcc0B4B748fA58c530D4675BB5D32F))
- 2021-01-18 03:06 UTC, upgrade of [ExchangeV3](https://etherscan.io/address/0x0BABA1Ad5bE3a5C0a66E7ac838a129Bf948f1eA4#code): transaction [0xce34e9483ec139aa6628ed29279b80f163ba9094ce1a848cbe640e438ad2eb20](https://etherscan.io/tx/0xce34e9483ec139aa6628ed29279b80f163ba9094ce1a848cbe640e438ad2eb20), implementations: [0x8c63D8E608fF702a92D5908730C91457b0447Ad7](https://etherscan.io/address/0x8c63D8E608fF702a92D5908730C91457b0447Ad7#code) ([diff](https://disco.ethbeat.org/diff/eth:0x2fefbeF4d1445F523941c56349C2414cd5e9675d/eth:0x8c63D8E608fF702a92D5908730C91457b0447Ad7))
- 2020-12-14 06:16 UTC, upgrade of [ExchangeV3](https://etherscan.io/address/0x0BABA1Ad5bE3a5C0a66E7ac838a129Bf948f1eA4#code): transaction [0xcfbaf71a511297fd7bc1452e5b274c056ba5a3ddf271b59012eff877dd4351b9](https://etherscan.io/tx/0xcfbaf71a511297fd7bc1452e5b274c056ba5a3ddf271b59012eff877dd4351b9), implementations: [0x2fefbeF4d1445F523941c56349C2414cd5e9675d](https://etherscan.io/address/0x2fefbeF4d1445F523941c56349C2414cd5e9675d#code) ([diff](https://disco.ethbeat.org/diff/eth:0xa01d4d1FE18A34902Ac2e4045a5e8f553dDe9685/eth:0x2fefbeF4d1445F523941c56349C2414cd5e9675d))
- 2020-10-29 11:12 UTC, deployment of [ExchangeV3](https://etherscan.io/address/0x0BABA1Ad5bE3a5C0a66E7ac838a129Bf948f1eA4#code): transaction [0xed8a952216607c164559f01d5f90066a7de65fdcc72146e71956865685a8eeab](https://etherscan.io/tx/0xed8a952216607c164559f01d5f90066a7de65fdcc72146e71956865685a8eeab), implementations: [0xa01d4d1FE18A34902Ac2e4045a5e8f553dDe9685](https://etherscan.io/address/0xa01d4d1FE18A34902Ac2e4045a5e8f553dDe9685#code)

## Updates

Each date links the update on the HTML page, which also shows its contract diffs.

### [2026-07-10 10:31 UTC](https://ethbeat.org/layer2s/projects/loopring?update=8dde8b83) (high severity, 7 changes)

Extended simple distributor contract on top of ExchangeV3 proxy with the functionality to batch distribute NFTs: https://disco.l2beat.com/diff/eth:0xB40973B8bffDe1553AE05DE4b298610524E1c37a/eth:0xB2de2bff671b03612a0Fa3340E0e0eE7e1C0a388.

ERC-20 tokens still have to be sent out manually.

### [2026-06-29 10:51 UTC](https://ethbeat.org/layer2s/projects/loopring?update=5270bfb8) (high severity, 22 changes)

Stopped normal operation of Loopring exchange.

Upgraded the exchange contract to a simple ProxyAdminExecutor (https://flat.l2beat.com/address/eth:0xB40973B8bffDe1553AE05DE4b298610524E1c37a) that lets the proxy admin (Loopring multisig) to execute arbitrary calls from the context of the proxy.

Presumably that will be used to distribute tokens locked in the Loopring exchange.

### [2025-08-14 07:46 UTC](https://ethbeat.org/layer2s/projects/loopring?update=256c7cb1) (3 changes)

signer change.

### [2025-08-11 10:57 UTC](https://ethbeat.org/layer2s/projects/loopring?update=b9d59bdb) (4 changes)

ms change. also added milestone for the DeFi sunset.

### [2025-07-14 12:45 UTC](https://ethbeat.org/layer2s/projects/loopring?update=884ea50f) (12 changes)

Discovery rerun on the same block number with only config-related changes.

### [2025-07-07 06:50 UTC](https://ethbeat.org/layer2s/projects/loopring?update=5bbcc7e1) (high severity, 5 changes)

gnosis safe upgrade.

### [2025-03-04 13:37 UTC](https://ethbeat.org/layer2s/projects/loopring?update=804e0102) (3 changes)

MS member change.

### [2025-01-03 11:56 UTC](https://ethbeat.org/layer2s/projects/loopring?update=5317b548) (5 changes)

Loopring MS signer changes.

### [2024-12-02 08:06 UTC](https://ethbeat.org/layer2s/projects/loopring?update=89271d04) (4 changes)

Change one Multisig signer.

### [2024-06-10 06:22 UTC](https://ethbeat.org/layer2s/projects/loopring?update=3bf6880e) (1 change)

A new agent is registered: A LoopringAmmPool contract for Taiko-USDC.

### [2024-05-27 09:50 UTC](https://ethbeat.org/layer2s/projects/loopring?update=1a8e35ee) (1 change)

A new manager is added to the ForcedWithdrawalAgent contract.

### [2024-05-21 06:44 UTC](https://ethbeat.org/layer2s/projects/loopring?update=fadfed58) (1 change)

A LoopringWalletAgent contract is given the UniversalAgent role. The smart contract is an implementation of account abstraction.
The deployer also created a WalletFactory to deploy proxies to this new LoopringWalletAgent.
Context: Probably related to [this](https://x.com/loopringorg/status/1792517073857392821).

### [2024-04-20 16:28 UTC](https://ethbeat.org/layer2s/projects/loopring?update=87c70f4a) (2 changes)

A new block submitter is added and two are removed, summing to 13 block submitters at the moment.

### [2024-03-06 10:31 UTC](https://ethbeat.org/layer2s/projects/loopring?update=f58b2a4f) (7 changes)

Removed one owner from the ProxyOwner contract.

### [2024-01-05 12:19 UTC](https://ethbeat.org/layer2s/projects/loopring?update=dcf3add6) (2 changes)

Retrieved agents from Agent Registry. As most of them are LoopringAMMPools, blocked drilling down and added manually FastWithdrawalAgent and ForcedWithdrawalAgent.

### [2023-09-26 12:23 UTC](https://ethbeat.org/layer2s/projects/loopring?update=b97c65b9) (1 change)

## Operator

### The system has a centralized operator

The operator is the only entity that can propose blocks. A live and trustworthy operator is vital to the health of the system.

**Risks**

- MEV can be extracted if the operator exploits their centralized position and frontruns user transactions.

### Users can force exit the system

Force exit allows the users to escape censorship by withdrawing their funds. The system allows users to force the withdrawal of funds by submitting a request directly to the contract onchain. The request must be served within a defined time period. If this does not happen, the system will halt regular operation and permit trustless withdrawal of funds.

**Risks**

- Users can be censored if the operator refuses to include their transactions. However, there exists a mechanism to independently exit the system.

**References**

- [Forced Withdrawals - Loopring design doc](https://github.com/Loopring/protocols/blob/master/packages/loopring_v3/DESIGN.md#forced-withdrawals)
- [Forced Request Handling - Loopring design doc](https://github.com/Loopring/protocols/blob/master/packages/loopring_v3/DESIGN.md#forced-request-handling)

## Withdrawals

### Regular exit

The user initiates the withdrawal by submitting a regular transaction on this chain. When the block containing that transaction is settled the funds become available for withdrawal on L1. ZK proofs are required to settle blocks. Finally the user submits an L1 transaction to claim the funds.

**References**

- [Withdraw - Loopring design doc](https://github.com/Loopring/protocols/blob/master/packages/loopring_v3/DESIGN.md#withdraw)

### Forced exit

If the user experiences censorship from the operator with regular exit they can submit their withdrawal requests directly on L1. The system is then obliged to service this request. Once the force operation is submitted and if the request is serviced, the operation follows the flow of a regular exit.

**References**

- [Forced Request Handling - Loopring design doc](https://github.com/Loopring/protocols/blob/master/packages/loopring_v3/DESIGN.md#forced-request-handling)

### Emergency exit

If the 15d deadline passes and the forced exit is still ignored the user can put the system into Withdrawal Mode, disallowing further state updates. In that case everybody can withdraw by submitting a merkle proof of their funds with their L1 transaction.

**References**

- [Forced Request Handling - Loopring design doc](https://github.com/Loopring/protocols/blob/master/packages/loopring_v3/DESIGN.md#forced-request-handling)

## Permissions

Explore these contracts and permissions in Disco, ETHBEAT's contract explorer: https://disco.ethbeat.org/ui/p/loopring

### Ethereum

#### Actors

##### LoopringMultisig

Addresses: [0xDd2A08a1c1A28c1A571E098914cA10F2877D9c97](https://etherscan.io/address/0xDd2A08a1c1A28c1A571E098914cA10F2877D9c97)

A Multisig with 2/3 threshold.
This multisig owns BlockVerifier, ForcedWithdrawalAgent, and LoopringV3, and is the proxy owner of ExchangeV3. This allows it to arbitrarily change the forced withdrawal fee, change the Verifier address, and upgrade ExchangeV3 without delay.

Participants (3): [0x0F026a3efE44E0Fe34B87375EFe69b16c05D0438](https://etherscan.io/address/0x0F026a3efE44E0Fe34B87375EFe69b16c05D0438), [0x576aBC47E0Dbe79c1c950190173faE9A13f8AB98](https://etherscan.io/address/0x576aBC47E0Dbe79c1c950190173faE9A13f8AB98), [0x1F28F10176F89F4E9985873B84d14e75751BB3D1](https://etherscan.io/address/0x1F28F10176F89F4E9985873B84d14e75751BB3D1)

##### ExchangeV3 Proxy Owner

Addresses: [0xDd2A08a1c1A28c1A571E098914cA10F2877D9c97](https://etherscan.io/address/0xDd2A08a1c1A28c1A571E098914cA10F2877D9c97)

The proxy owner can execute arbitrary code from the context of ExchangeV3, including sending tokens to arbitrary addresses.

## Smart contracts

![A diagram of the smart contract architecture](https://ethbeat.org/static/images/architecture/loopring.6c7f1332.png)

Explore these contracts and permissions in Disco, ETHBEAT's contract explorer: https://disco.ethbeat.org/ui/p/loopring

### Ethereum

#### ExchangeV3

Addresses: [0x0BABA1Ad5bE3a5C0a66E7ac838a129Bf948f1eA4](https://etherscan.io/address/0x0BABA1Ad5bE3a5C0a66E7ac838a129Bf948f1eA4#code), [0xB2de2bff671b03612a0Fa3340E0e0eE7e1C0a388](https://etherscan.io/address/0xB2de2bff671b03612a0Fa3340E0e0eE7e1C0a388#code) (Implementation (Upgradable)), [0xDd2A08a1c1A28c1A571E098914cA10F2877D9c97](https://etherscan.io/address/0xDd2A08a1c1A28c1A571E098914cA10F2877D9c97#code) (Admin)

**Past upgrades** (Count of upgrades: 9, Last upgrade: 3mo 27d ago, Avg upgrade interval: 7mo 9d)

- 2026-07-09 12:39 UTC, upgrade of [ExchangeV3](https://etherscan.io/address/0x0BABA1Ad5bE3a5C0a66E7ac838a129Bf948f1eA4#code): transaction [0xc3371471d0daa75094515baac093f12c217b1e0147ddcf992496fcca9ea4721b](https://etherscan.io/tx/0xc3371471d0daa75094515baac093f12c217b1e0147ddcf992496fcca9ea4721b), implementations: [0xB2de2bff671b03612a0Fa3340E0e0eE7e1C0a388](https://etherscan.io/address/0xB2de2bff671b03612a0Fa3340E0e0eE7e1C0a388#code) ([diff](https://disco.ethbeat.org/diff/eth:0xB40973B8bffDe1553AE05DE4b298610524E1c37a/eth:0xB2de2bff671b03612a0Fa3340E0e0eE7e1C0a388))
- 2026-06-29 10:24 UTC, upgrade of [ExchangeV3](https://etherscan.io/address/0x0BABA1Ad5bE3a5C0a66E7ac838a129Bf948f1eA4#code): transaction [0xecb93127c952956993d2247504aecf504b4e48a26bcd758276242ec10ea35274](https://etherscan.io/tx/0xecb93127c952956993d2247504aecf504b4e48a26bcd758276242ec10ea35274), implementations: [0xB40973B8bffDe1553AE05DE4b298610524E1c37a](https://etherscan.io/address/0xB40973B8bffDe1553AE05DE4b298610524E1c37a#code) ([diff](https://disco.ethbeat.org/diff/eth:0x9cFA61e1472f648cd01Ff05E658987A2abA40F1B/eth:0xB40973B8bffDe1553AE05DE4b298610524E1c37a))
- 2026-06-29 07:46 UTC, upgrade of [ExchangeV3](https://etherscan.io/address/0x0BABA1Ad5bE3a5C0a66E7ac838a129Bf948f1eA4#code): transaction [0x9515d5aeed96ebdc21f10ec4d22c796a3dc752e5731bcfcb4dbe7e33a09cc496](https://etherscan.io/tx/0x9515d5aeed96ebdc21f10ec4d22c796a3dc752e5731bcfcb4dbe7e33a09cc496), implementations: [0x9cFA61e1472f648cd01Ff05E658987A2abA40F1B](https://etherscan.io/address/0x9cFA61e1472f648cd01Ff05E658987A2abA40F1B#code) ([diff](https://disco.ethbeat.org/diff/eth:0x26d8Ba776a067C5928841985bCe342f75BAE7E82/eth:0x9cFA61e1472f648cd01Ff05E658987A2abA40F1B))
- 2021-12-14 02:21 UTC, upgrade of [ExchangeV3](https://etherscan.io/address/0x0BABA1Ad5bE3a5C0a66E7ac838a129Bf948f1eA4#code): transaction [0x0fa3763c4bd69cf9e77636b37b5b12c29f3b260d8e822ebe215b14c4602a716d](https://etherscan.io/tx/0x0fa3763c4bd69cf9e77636b37b5b12c29f3b260d8e822ebe215b14c4602a716d), implementations: [0x26d8Ba776a067C5928841985bCe342f75BAE7E82](https://etherscan.io/address/0x26d8Ba776a067C5928841985bCe342f75BAE7E82#code) ([diff](https://disco.ethbeat.org/diff/eth:0x3c294fCF74129d649325F8995afC2f9CfaFAB9dA/eth:0x26d8Ba776a067C5928841985bCe342f75BAE7E82))
- 2021-09-01 04:24 UTC, upgrade of [ExchangeV3](https://etherscan.io/address/0x0BABA1Ad5bE3a5C0a66E7ac838a129Bf948f1eA4#code): transaction [0x2ccbfd61faf2015457ec43fab0324dca7d75091aba7423fe2990307bbfe32e22](https://etherscan.io/tx/0x2ccbfd61faf2015457ec43fab0324dca7d75091aba7423fe2990307bbfe32e22), implementations: [0x3c294fCF74129d649325F8995afC2f9CfaFAB9dA](https://etherscan.io/address/0x3c294fCF74129d649325F8995afC2f9CfaFAB9dA#code) ([diff](https://disco.ethbeat.org/diff/eth:0x4fb117dcd6D09abF1a99B502d488A99F5a17e7eC/eth:0x3c294fCF74129d649325F8995afC2f9CfaFAB9dA))
- 2021-03-29 03:54 UTC, upgrade of [ExchangeV3](https://etherscan.io/address/0x0BABA1Ad5bE3a5C0a66E7ac838a129Bf948f1eA4#code): transaction [0xb54c93da349065cc82e2ef150f07319b2522709e8fe7acbcb5a5edfdcf46f2d6](https://etherscan.io/tx/0xb54c93da349065cc82e2ef150f07319b2522709e8fe7acbcb5a5edfdcf46f2d6), implementations: [0x4fb117dcd6D09abF1a99B502d488A99F5a17e7eC](https://etherscan.io/address/0x4fb117dcd6D09abF1a99B502d488A99F5a17e7eC#code) ([diff](https://disco.ethbeat.org/diff/eth:0xCFba78aecfBcc0B4B748fA58c530D4675BB5D32F/eth:0x4fb117dcd6D09abF1a99B502d488A99F5a17e7eC))
- 2021-03-25 03:26 UTC, upgrade of [ExchangeV3](https://etherscan.io/address/0x0BABA1Ad5bE3a5C0a66E7ac838a129Bf948f1eA4#code): transaction [0x155d094b0d053837b4e252b69cb10c8157795274da1a9f4325519791c27bd294](https://etherscan.io/tx/0x155d094b0d053837b4e252b69cb10c8157795274da1a9f4325519791c27bd294), implementations: [0xCFba78aecfBcc0B4B748fA58c530D4675BB5D32F](https://etherscan.io/address/0xCFba78aecfBcc0B4B748fA58c530D4675BB5D32F#code) ([diff](https://disco.ethbeat.org/diff/eth:0x8c63D8E608fF702a92D5908730C91457b0447Ad7/eth:0xCFba78aecfBcc0B4B748fA58c530D4675BB5D32F))
- 2021-01-18 03:06 UTC, upgrade of [ExchangeV3](https://etherscan.io/address/0x0BABA1Ad5bE3a5C0a66E7ac838a129Bf948f1eA4#code): transaction [0xce34e9483ec139aa6628ed29279b80f163ba9094ce1a848cbe640e438ad2eb20](https://etherscan.io/tx/0xce34e9483ec139aa6628ed29279b80f163ba9094ce1a848cbe640e438ad2eb20), implementations: [0x8c63D8E608fF702a92D5908730C91457b0447Ad7](https://etherscan.io/address/0x8c63D8E608fF702a92D5908730C91457b0447Ad7#code) ([diff](https://disco.ethbeat.org/diff/eth:0x2fefbeF4d1445F523941c56349C2414cd5e9675d/eth:0x8c63D8E608fF702a92D5908730C91457b0447Ad7))
- 2020-12-14 06:16 UTC, upgrade of [ExchangeV3](https://etherscan.io/address/0x0BABA1Ad5bE3a5C0a66E7ac838a129Bf948f1eA4#code): transaction [0xcfbaf71a511297fd7bc1452e5b274c056ba5a3ddf271b59012eff877dd4351b9](https://etherscan.io/tx/0xcfbaf71a511297fd7bc1452e5b274c056ba5a3ddf271b59012eff877dd4351b9), implementations: [0x2fefbeF4d1445F523941c56349C2414cd5e9675d](https://etherscan.io/address/0x2fefbeF4d1445F523941c56349C2414cd5e9675d#code) ([diff](https://disco.ethbeat.org/diff/eth:0xa01d4d1FE18A34902Ac2e4045a5e8f553dDe9685/eth:0x2fefbeF4d1445F523941c56349C2414cd5e9675d))
- 2020-10-29 11:12 UTC, deployment of [ExchangeV3](https://etherscan.io/address/0x0BABA1Ad5bE3a5C0a66E7ac838a129Bf948f1eA4#code): transaction [0xed8a952216607c164559f01d5f90066a7de65fdcc72146e71956865685a8eeab](https://etherscan.io/tx/0xed8a952216607c164559f01d5f90066a7de65fdcc72146e71956865685a8eeab), implementations: [0xa01d4d1FE18A34902Ac2e4045a5e8f553dDe9685](https://etherscan.io/address/0xa01d4d1FE18A34902Ac2e4045a5e8f553dDe9685#code)

Main Loopring contract. It was upgraded to the ProxyAdminExecutor implementation on 2026-06-29.

Can be upgraded by: LoopringMultisig with no delay

**Upgrade details**

The proxy owner can upgrade the implementation without delay. The current ProxyAdminExecutor implementation lets the proxy owner execute arbitrary calls from the context of ExchangeV3, including sending tokens to arbitrary addresses.

#### DefaultDepositContract

Addresses: [0x674bdf20A0F284D710BC40872100128e2d66Bd3f](https://etherscan.io/address/0x674bdf20A0F284D710BC40872100128e2d66Bd3f#code)

ERC 20 token basic deposit contract. Handles user deposits and withdrawals.

#### LoopringV3

Addresses: [0xe56D6ccab6551932C0356E4e8d5dAF0630920C71](https://etherscan.io/address/0xe56D6ccab6551932C0356E4e8d5dAF0630920C71#code)

Contract managing LRC staking for exchanges (one Loopring contract can manage many exchanges). It also allows to change the forced withdrawal fee and the Verifier address.

#### FastWithdrawalAgent

Addresses: [0xec3Cc6Cf0252565b56FC7AC396017Df5b9B78a31](https://etherscan.io/address/0xec3Cc6Cf0252565b56FC7AC396017Df5b9B78a31#code)

Auxiliary contract allowing users to process fast withdrawals.

#### ForcedWithdrawalAgent

Addresses: [0x52ea1971C05B0169c02a0bBeC05Fe8b5E3A24470](https://etherscan.io/address/0x52ea1971C05B0169c02a0bBeC05Fe8b5E3A24470#code)

Auxiliary contract able to force withdrawals from L1 on behalf of users.

#### BlockVerifier

Addresses: [0x6150343E0F43A17519c0327c41eDd9eBE88D01ef](https://etherscan.io/address/0x6150343E0F43A17519c0327c41eDd9eBE88D01ef#code)

zkSNARK Verifier based on ethsnarks library.

Can be upgraded by: LoopringMultisig with no delay

**Upgrade details**

The Verifier contract address can be changed by the ProxyOwner.

The current deployment carries some associated risks:

- Funds can be stolen if a contract receives a malicious code upgrade. There is no delay on code upgrades (CRITICAL).